Facts:

The terms “Messiah” and “Christ” mean “Anointed One” and refer to Jesus, God’s Son.

• Both “Messiah” and “Christ” are used in the New Testament to refer to God’s Son, whom God the Father appointed to rule as king over his people, and to save them from sin and death.
• In the Old Testament, the prophets wrote prophecies about the Messiah hundreds of years before he came to earth.
• Often a word meaning “anointed (one)” is used in the Old Testament to refer to the Messiah who would come.
• Jesus fulfilled many of these prophecies and did many miraculous works that proves he is the Messiah; the rest of these prophecies will be fulfilled when he returns.
• The word “Christ” is often used as a title, as in “the Christ” and “Christ Jesus.”
• “Christ” also came to be used as part of his name, as in “Jesus Christ.”

Translation Suggestions:

• This term could be translated using its meaning, “the Anointed One” or “God’s Anointed Savior.”
• Many languages use a transliterated word that looks or sounds like “Christ” or “Messiah.” (See: How to Translate Unknowns
• The transliterated word could be followed by the definition of the term as in, “Christ, the Anointed One.”
• Be consistent in how this is translated throughout the Bible so that it is clear that the same term is being referred to.
• Make sure the translations of “Messiah” and “Christ” work well in contexts where both terms occur in the same verse (such as John 1:41).

(See also: How to Translate Names

(See also: Son of God, David, Jesus, anoint)

Bible References:

• 1 John 5:1-3
• Acts 2:35
• Acts 5:40-42
• John 1:40-42
• John 3:27-28
• John 4:25
• Luke 2:10-12
• Matthew 1:16

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 17:7 The Messiah was God’s Chosen One who would save the people of the world from sin.
• 17:8 As it happened, the Israelites would have to wait a long time before the Messiah came, almost 1,000 years.
• 21:1 From the very beginning, God planned to send the Messiah.
• 21:4 God promised King David that the Messiah would be one of David’s own descendants.
• 21:5 The Messiah would start the New Covenant.
• 21:6 God’s prophets also said that the Messiah would be a prophet, a priest, and a king.
• 21:9 The prophet Isaiah prophesied that the Messiah would be born from a virgin.
• 43:7 “But God raised him to life again to fulfill the prophecy which says, ‘You will not let your Holy One rot in the grave.’”
• 43:9 “But know for certain that God has caused Jesus to become both Lord and Messiah!”
• 43:11 Peter answered them, “Every one of you should repent and be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ so that God will forgive your sins.”
• 46:6 Saul reasoned with the Jews, proving that Jesus was the Messiah.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H4899, G33230, G55470

Definition:

Some time after Jesus went back to heaven, people made up the name “Christian” which means “follower of Christ.”

• It was in the city of Antioch where Jesus’ followers were first called “Christians.”
• A Christian is a person who believes that Jesus is the Son of God, and who trusts Jesus to save him from his sins.
• In our modern times, often the term “Christian” is used for someone who identifies with the Christian religion, but who is not really following Jesus. This is not the meaning of “Christian” in the Bible.
• Because the term “Christian” in the Bible always refers to someone who truly believes in Jesus, a Christian is also called a “believer.”

Translation Suggestions:

• This term could be translated as “Christ-follower” or “follower of Christ” or perhaps something like, “Christ-person.”
• Make sure that the translation of this term is translated differently than terms used for disciple or apostle.
• Be careful to translate this term with a word that can refer to everyone who believes in Jesus, not just certain groups.
• Also consider how this term is translated in a Bible translation in a local or national language. (See: How to Translate Unknowns

(See also: Antioch, Christ, church, disciple, believe, Jesus, Son of God)

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 6:7-8
• 1 Peter 4:16
• Acts 11:26
• Acts 26:28

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 46:9 It was at Antioch that believers in Jesus were first called “Christians.”
• 47:14 Paul and other Christian leaders traveled to many cities, preaching and teaching people the good news about Jesus.
• 49:15 If you believe in Jesus and what he has done for you, you are a Christian!
• 49:16 If you are a Christian, God has forgiven your sins because of what Jesus did.
• 49:17 Even though you are a Christian, you will still be tempted to sin.
• 50:3 Before he returned to heaven, Jesus told Christians to proclaim the good news to people who have never heard it.
• 50:11 When Jesus returns, every Christian who has died will rise from the dead and meet him in the sky.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G55460

Facts:

The term “Gentile” refers to anyone who is not a Jew. Gentiles are people who are not descendants of Jacob.

• In the Bible, the term “uncircumcised” is also used figuratively to refer to Gentiles because many of them did not circumcise their male children as the Israelites did.
• Because God chose the Jews to be his special people, they thought of the Gentiles as outsiders who could never be God’s people.
• The Jews were also called “Israelites” or “Hebrews” at different times in history. They referred to anyone else as a “Gentile.”
• Gentile could also be translated as “not a Jew” or “non-Jewish” or “not an Israelite” (Old Testament) or “non-Jew.”.
• Traditionally, Jews would neither eat with nor associate with Gentiles, which at first caused problems within the early church.

(See also: Israel, Jacob, Jew)

Bible References:

• Acts 9:13-16
• Acts 14:5-7
• Galatians 2:16
• Luke 2:32
• Matthew 5:47
• Matthew 6:5-7
• Romans 11:25

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1471, G14820, G14840, G16720

Definition:

In the Bible, the term “God” refers to the eternal being who created the universe out of nothing. God exists as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. God’s personal name is “Yahweh.”

• God has always existed; he existed before anything else existed, and he will continue to exist forever.
• He is the only true God and has authority over everything in the universe.
• God is perfectly righteous, infinitely wise, holy, sinless, just, merciful, and loving.
• He is a covenant-keeping God, who always fulfills his promises.
• People were created to worship God and he is the only one they should worship.
• God revealed his name as “Yahweh,” which means “he is” or “I am” or “the One who (always) exists.”
• The Bible also teaches about false “gods,” which are nonliving idols that people wrongly worship.

Translation Suggestions:

• Ways to translate “God” could include “Deity” or “Creator” or “Supreme Being” or “Supreme Creator” or “Infinite Sovereign Lord” or “Eternal Supreme Being.”
• Consider how God is referred to in a local or national language. There may also already be a word for “God” in the language being translated. If so, it is important to make sure that this word fits the characteristics of the one true God as described above.
• Many languages capitalize the first letter of the word for the one true God, to distinguish it from the word for a false god. Another way to make this distinction would be to use different terms for “God” and “god.” NOTE: In the biblical text, when a person who does not worship Yahweh speaks about Yahweh and uses the word “god,” it is acceptable to render the term without a capital letter in reference to Yahweh (see Jonah 1:6, 3:9).
• The phrase “I will be their God and they will be my people” could also be translated as “I, God, will rule over these people and they will worship me.”

(Translation suggestions: How to Translate Names

(See also: create, false god, God the Father, Holy Spirit, false god, Son of God, Yahweh)

Bible References:

• 1 John 1:7
• 1 Samuel 10:7-8
• 1 Timothy 4:10
• Colossians 1:16
• Deuteronomy 29:14-16
• Ezra 3:1-2
• Genesis 1:2
• Hosea 4:11-12
• Isaiah 36:6-7
• James 2:20
• Jeremiah 5:5
• John 1:3
• Joshua 3:9-11
• Lamentations 3:43
• Micah 4:5
• Philippians 2:6
• Proverbs 24:12
• Psalms 47:9

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 1:1 God created the universe and everything in it in six days.
• 1:15 God made man and woman in his own image.
• 5:3 “I am God Almighty. I will make a covenant with you.”
• 9:14 God said, “I AM WHO I AM. Tell them, ‘I AM has sent me to you.’ Also tell them, ‘I am Yahweh, the God of your ancestors Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This is my name forever.’”
• 10:2 Through these plagues, God showed Pharaoh that he is more powerful than Pharaoh and all of Egypt’s gods.
• 16:1 The Israelites began to worship the Canaanite gods instead of Yahweh, the true God.
• 22:7 “You, my son, will be called the prophet of the Most High God who will prepare the people to receive the Messiah!”
• 24:9 There is only one God. But John heard God the Father speak, and saw Jesus the Son and the Holy Spirit when he baptized Jesus.
• 25:7 “Worship only the Lord your God and only serve him.”
• 28:1 “There is only one who is good, and that is God.”
• 49:9 But God loved everyone in the world so much that he gave his only Son so that whoever believes in Jesus will not be punished for his sins, but will live with God forever.
• 50:16 But some day God will create a new heaven and a new earth that will be perfect.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0136, H0305, H0410, H0426, H0430, H0433, H2486, H2623, H3068, H3069, H3863, H4136, H6697, G01120, G05160, G09320, G09350, G10960, G11400, G20980, G21240, G21280, G21500, G21520, G21530, G22990, G23040, G23050, G23120, G23130, G23140, G23150, G23160, G23170, G23180, G23190, G23200, G33610, G37850, G41510, G52070, G53770, G54630, G55370, G55380

Facts:

The terms “God the Father” and “heavenly Father” refer to Yahweh, the one true God. Another term with the same meaning is “Father,” used most often when Jesus was referring to him.

• God exists as God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. Each one is fully God, and yet they are only one God. This is a mystery that mere humans cannot fully understand.
• God the Father sent God the Son (Jesus) into the world and he sends the Holy Spirit to his people.
• Anyone who believes in God the Son becomes a child of God the Father, and God the Holy Spirit comes to live in that person. This is another mystery that human beings cannot fully understand.

Translation Suggestions:

• In translating the phrase “God the Father,” it is best to translate “Father” with the same word that the language naturally uses to refer to a human father.
• The term “heavenly Father” could be translated by “Father who lives in heaven” or “Father God who lives in heaven” or “God our Father from heaven.”
• Usually “Father” is capitalized when it, refers to God.

(Translation suggestions: How to Translate Names

(See also: ancestor, God, heaven, Holy Spirit, Jesus, Son of God)

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 8:4-6
• 1 John 2:1
• 1 John 2:23
• 1 John 3:1
• Colossians 1:1-3
• Ephesians 5:18-21
• Luke 10:22
• Matthew 5:16
• Matthew 23:9

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 24:9 There is only one God. But John heard God the Father speak, and saw Jesus the Son and the Holy Spirit when he baptized Jesus.
• 29:9 Then Jesus said, “This is what my heavenly Father will do to every one of you if you do not forgive your brother from your heart.”
• 37:9 Then Jesus looked up to heaven and said, “Father, thank you for hearing me.”
• 40:7 Then Jesus cried out, “It is finished! Father, I give my spirit into your hands.”
• 42:10 “So go, make disciples of all people groups by baptizing them in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit and by teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you.”
• 43:8 “Jesus is now exalted to the right hand of God the Father.”
• 50:10 “Then the righteous ones will shine like the sun in the kingdom of God their Father.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0001, H0002, G39620

Definition:

The terms “Hades” (in Greek) and “Sheol” (in Hebrew) are proper names for the place where the spirits of dead people would go after they had died.

• In these ancient cultures, people thought of this as an underground dwelling place where the spirits of dead people existed in a shadowy, semi-conscious form.
• Although these terms are place names, in the Bible they often mean the same thing as “death” or “the grave.”
• Throughout most of biblical history, “Sheol” and “Hades” refer to a neutral place where all of the dead go to await judgment, both the righteous and the unrighteous. In the New Testament, however, “Hades” begins to be seen as a place for only the unrighteous, in contrast with “Abraham’s side” (Luke 16:22) or “paradise” (Luke 23:43), which describe the place for the righteous.

Translation Suggestions

• Both “Sheol” and “Hades” can be translated in various ways, depending on the context. Some possibilities include: “place of the dead,” “place for dead spirits,” “the underworld,” “the pit,” “the grave,” or “death.”
• Some translations keep the proper names “Sheol” and “Hades,” spelling them to fit the sound patterns of the language of translation. (See: How to Translate Unknowns.
• A phrase could also be added to each term to explain it. Examples of doing this are, “Sheol, place where dead people are” and “Hades, place of death.”

(Translation suggestions: How to Translate Unknowns

(See also: death, heaven, hell, tomb)

Bible References:

• Acts 2:31
• Genesis 44:29
• Jonah 2:2
• Luke 10:15
• Luke 16:23
• Matthew 11:23
• Matthew 16:18
• Revelation 1:18

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H7585, G00860

Facts:

The term “Hebrew” refers in a very general sense to the people group descended from Abraham through the line of Isaac and Jacob.

• The specific word “Hebrew” can refer either to a individual person in the people group or to the language spoken by that people group.
• The vast majority of the Old Testament was written in the language called “Hebrew.” However, in most cases in the New Testament, the specific term “Hebrew” probably refers to the Aramaic language rather than the Hebrew language.
• In different places in the Bible, the Hebrews were also called “Israelites” or “Jews.” When translating, it is best to keep all three terms distinct in the text, as long as it is clear that these terms refer to the same people group.

(Translation suggestions: How to Translate Names

(See also: Israel, Jew, Jewish leaders)

Bible References:

• Acts 26:12-14
• Genesis 39:13-15
• Genesis 40:15
• Genesis 41:12-13
• John 5:1-4
• John 19:13
• Jonah 1:8-10
• Philippians 3:5

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H5680, G14440, G14450, G14460, G14470

Definition:

The term “Holy One” is a title in the Bible that almost always refers to God.

• In the Old Testament, this title often occurs in the phrase “Holy One of Israel.”
• In the New Testament, Jesus is also referred to as the “Holy One.”
• The term “holy one” is sometimes used in the Bible to refer to an angel.

Translation Suggestions:

• The literal term is “the Holy” (with “One” being implied.) Many languages (like English) will translate this with the implied noun included (such as “One” or “God”).
• This term could also be translated as “God, who is holy” or “the Set Apart One.”
• The phrase “the Holy One of Israel” could be translated as “the Holy God whom Israel worships” or “the Holy One who rules Israel.”
• It is best to translate this term using the same word or phrase that is used to translate “holy.”

(See also: holy, God)

Bible References:

• 1 John 2:20
• 2 Kings 19:22
• Acts 2:27
• Acts 3:13-14
• Isaiah 5:15-17
• Isaiah 41:14
• Luke 4:33-34

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H2623, H0376, H6918, G00400, G37410

Facts:

These terms all refer to the Holy Spirit, who is God. The one true God exists eternally as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

• The Holy Spirit is also referred to as “the Spirit” and “Spirit of Yahweh” and “Spirit of truth.”
• Because the Holy Spirit is God, he is absolutely holy, infinitely pure, and morally perfect in all his nature and in everything he does.
• Along with the Father and the Son, the Holy Spirit was active in creating the world.
• When God’s Son, Jesus, returned to heaven, God sent the Holy Spirit to his people to lead them, teach them, comfort them, and enable them to do God’s will.
• The Holy Spirit guided Jesus and he guides those who believe in Jesus.

Translation Suggestions:

• This term could simply be translated with the words used to translate “holy” and “spirit.”
• Ways to translate this term could also include “Pure Spirit” or “Spirit who is Holy” or “God the Spirit.”

(See also: holy, spirit, God, Lord, God the Father, Son of God, gift)

Bible References:

• 1 Samuel 10:10
• 1 Thessalonians 4:7-8
• Acts 8:17
• Galatians 5:25
• Genesis 1:1-2
• Isaiah 63:10
• Job 33:4
• Matthew 12:31
• Matthew 28:18-19
• Psalms 51:10-11

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 1:1 But God’s Spirit was there over the water.
• 24:8 When Jesus came up out of the water after being baptized, the Spirit of God appeared in the form of a dove and came down and rested on him.
• 26:1 After overcoming Satan’s temptations, Jesus returned in the power of the Holy Spirit to the region of Galilee where he lived.
• 26:3 Jesus read, “God has given me his Spirit so that I can proclaim good news to the poor, freedom to captives, recovery of sight for the blind, and release to the oppressed.”
• 42:10 “So go, make disciples of all people groups by baptizing them in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit and by teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you.”
• 43:3 They were all filled with the Holy Spirit and they began to speak in other languages.
• 43:8 “And Jesus has sent the Holy Spirit just as he promised he would do. The Holy Spirit is causing the things that you are are now seeing and hearing.”
• 43:11 Peter answered them, “Every one of you should repent and be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ so that God will forgive your sins. Then he will also give you the gift of the Holy Spirit.”
• 45:1 He (Stephen) had a good reputation and was full of the Holy Spirit and of wisdom.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H3068, H6944, H7307, G00400, G41510

Facts:

The statement “I am Yahweh” is used to mark out a command, historical event, promise, or prophecy as something that is particularly important, as something that happened by Yahweh’s power, or as something that will happen regardless of circumstances. This certainty is based on Yahweh’s character and strength as the all-powerful ruler over all things. At the same time, the statement is used to give Yahweh’s people understanding of who he is and what his name means. By reflecting on the command, historical event, promise, or prophecy so marked, the listener will understand more of who Yahweh is. Leviticus 11:44–45 makes it clear that by adhering to the holiness laws that follow, the people will become holy like Yahweh. There are four primary ways or forms in which this statement occurs:

1. As “I am Yahweh” or “I am Yahweh your God”

2. As the statement “[someone] will know that I am Yahweh” (often followed by “when [I do something]”). This is the most common use.

3. Followed by an example of what he is going to do or has done that validates his character and power

4. Followed by an attribute

These uses can be combined, such as in Leviticus 19:2, 19:36, and 20:24.

Translation Suggestions:

• As much as possible, translate this statement fairly literally. This will probably not be difficult for the second and third forms above.
• Ezekiel 20:5 and Hebrews 6:13 indicate that in at least some instances (Genesis 28:13, Exodus 6:2, 6:6, 6:8, etc.), “I am Yahweh” should be viewed as an oath formula. In these instances (primarily form one above) you may need to include an explanatory comment in your translation.
  • If Yahweh is making a promise, you may need to make this explicit, using an example such as: “I am Yahweh who swears to you.”
  • In Leviticus especially, the statement appears connected to many commands and you may need to make this explicit with a statement, such as: “I am Yahweh who commands this.” You could also use a slightly longer statement, such as: “I am Yahweh, and I bind you to this with an oath.” However, a statement this long may be tedious, so you could consider only using it the first (and possibly the last) time that “I am Yahweh” occurs in a series.
• Some languages will use “the Lord” in place of Yahweh; see Yahweh for more.

(See also: Lord, Lord Yahweh, Yahweh)

Bible References:

1. Exodus 6:2, 6:6, 6:8, 12:12, Leviticus 18-26 throughout, Numbers 3:13
2. Exodus 7:17, 8:18, 14:4, 1 Kings 20:13, 20:28, Ezekiel 6:7, 6:13, 12:15, 28:22
3. Exodus 6:6, 20:2, Leviticus 20:24, Ezekiel (throughout) 6:7, 6:13, 12:15, 17:24, 20:5-7, Hosea 12:10, 13:4, Zechariah 10:6, Psalm 81:11, Isaiah 44:24
4. Exodus 15:26, 20:5, Deuteronomy 5:9, Isaiah 43:3, 43:15, Jeremiah 9:23

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0589, H3068, H3069, H3070, H3071, H3072, H3073, H3074, G06380, G33780

Facts:

The term “Israel” is the name that God gave to Jacob. Often it refers to the nation that is descended from him.

• The name Israel probably means “He struggles with God.”
• The descendants of Jacob became known as the “sons of Israel” or the “people of Israel” or the “nation of Israel” or the “Israelites.”
• God formed his covenant with the people of Israel. They were his chosen people.
• The nation of Israel consisted of twelve tribes.
• Soon after King Solomon died, Israel was divided into two kingdoms: the southern kingdom, called “Judah,” and the northern kingdom, called “Israel.”
• Often the term “Israel” can be translated as “the people of Israel” or “the nation of Israel,” depending on the context.

(See also: Jacob, kingdom of Israel, Judah, nation, twelve tribes of Israel)

Bible References:

• 1 Chronicles 10:1
• 1 Kings 8:2
• Acts 2:36
• Acts 7:24
• Acts 13:23
• John 1:49-51
• Luke 24:21
• Mark 12:29
• Matthew 2:6
• Matthew 27:9
• Philippians 3:4-5

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 8:15 The descendants of the twelve sons became the twelve tribes of Israel.
• 9:3 The Egyptians forced the Israelites to build many buildings and even whole cities.
• 9:5 A certain Israelite woman gave birth to a baby boy.
• 10:1 They said, “This is what the God of Israel says, ‘Let my people go!’”
• 14:12 But despite all this, the people of __Israel __ complained and grumbled against God and against Moses.
• 15:9 God fought for Israel that day. He caused the Amorites to be confused and he sent large hailstones that killed many of the Amorites.
• 15:12 After this battle, God gave each tribe of __Israel __ its own section of the Promised Land. Then God gave Israel peace along all its borders.
• 16:16 So God punished __Israel __ again for worshiping idols.
• 43:6 “Men of Israel, Jesus was a man who did many mighty signs and wonders by the power of God, as you have seen and already know.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H3478, H3479, H3481, H3482, G09350, G24740, G24750

Facts:

Jesus is God’s Son. The name “Jesus” means “Yahweh saves.” The term “Christ” is a title that means “anointed one” and is another word for Messiah.

• The two names are often combined as “Jesus Christ” or “Christ Jesus.” These names emphasize that God’s Son is the Messiah, who came to save people from being punished eternally for their sins.
• In a miraculous way, the Holy Spirit caused the eternal Son of God to be born as a human being. His mother was told by an angel to call him “Jesus” because he was destined to save people from their sins.
• Jesus did many miracles that revealed that he is God and that he is the Christ, or the Messiah.

Translation Suggestions:

• In many languages “Jesus” and “Christ” are spelled in a way that keeps the sounds or spelling as close to the original as possible. For example, “Jesucristo,” “Jezus Christus,” “Yesus Kristus”, and “Hesukristo” are some of the ways that these names are translated into different languages.
• For the term “Christ,” some translators may prefer to use only some form of the term “Messiah” throughout.
• Also consider how these names are spelled in a nearby local or national language.

(Translation suggestions: How to Translate Names

(See also: Christ, God, God the Father, high priest, kingdom of God, Mary, Savior, Son of God)

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 6:11
• 1 John 2:2
• 1 John 4:15
• 1 Timothy 1:2
• 2 Peter 1:2
• 2 Thessalonians 2:15
• 2 Timothy 1:10
• Acts 2:23
• Acts 5:30
• Acts 10:36
• Hebrews 9:14
• Hebrews 10:22
• Luke 24:20
• Matthew 1:21
• Matthew 4:3
• Philippians 2:5
• Philippians 2:10
• Philippians 4:21-23
• Revelation 1:6

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 22:4 The angel said, “You will become pregnant and give birth to a son. You are to name him Jesus and he will be the Messiah.”
• 23:2 “Name him Jesus (which means, ‘Yahweh saves’), because he will save the people from their sins.”
• 24:7 So John baptized him (Jesus), even though Jesus had never sinned.
• 24:9 There is only one God. But John heard God the Father speak, and saw Jesus the Son and the Holy Spirit when he baptized Jesus.
• 25:8 Jesus did not give in to Satan’s temptations, so Satan left him.
• 26:8 Then Jesus went throughout the region of Galilee, and large crowds came to him. They brought many people who were sick or handicapped, including those who could not see, walk, hear, or speak, and Jesus healed them.
• 31:3 Then Jesus finished praying and went to the disciples. He walked on top of the water across the lake toward their boat!
• 38:2 He (Judas) knew that the Jewish leaders denied that Jesus was the Messiah and that they were plotting to kill him.
• 40:8 Through his death, Jesus opened a way for people to come to God.
• 42:11 Then Jesus was taken up to heaven, and a cloud hid him from their sight. Jesus sat down at the right hand of God to rule over all things.
• 50:17 Jesus and his people will live on the new earth, and he will reign forever over everything that exists. He will wipe away every tear and there will be no more suffering, sadness, crying, evil, pain, or death. Jesus will rule his kingdom with peace and justice, and he will be with his people forever.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G24240, G55470

Facts:

Jews are people who are descendants of Abraham’s grandson Jacob. The word “Jew” comes from the word “Judah.”

• People began to call the Israelites “Jews” after they returned to Judah from their exile in Babylon.
• Jesus the Messiah was Jewish. However, the Jewish religious leaders rejected Jesus and demanded that he be killed.

(See also: Abraham, Jacob, Israel, Babylon, Jewish leaders)

Bible References:

• Acts 2:5
• Acts 10:28
• Acts 14:5-7
• Colossians 3:11
• John 2:14
• Matthew 28:15

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 20:11 The Israelites were now called Jews and most of them had lived their whole lives in Babylon.
• 20:12 So, after seventy years in exile, a small group of Jews returned to the city of Jerusalem in Judah.
• 37:10 Many of the Jews believed in Jesus because of this miracle.
• 37:11 But the religious leaders of the Jews were jealous, so they gathered together to plan how they could kill Jesus and Lazarus.
• 40:2 Pilate commanded that they write, “King of the Jews” on a sign and put it on the cross above Jesus’ head.
• 46:6 Right away, Saul began preaching to the Jews in Damascus, saying, “Jesus is the Son of God!”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H3054, H3061, H3062, H3064, H3066, G24500, G24510, G24520, G24530, G24540

Definition:

The term “King of the Jews” is a title that refers to Jesus, the Messiah.

• The first time the Bible records this title is when it was used by the wise men who traveled to Bethlehem looking for the baby who was “King of the Jews.”
• The angel revealed to Mary that her son, a descendant of King David, would be a king whose reign would last forever.
• Before Jesus was crucified, Roman soldiers mockingly called Jesus “King of the Jews.” This title was also written on a piece of wood and nailed to the top of Jesus’ cross.
• Jesus truly is the King of the Jews and the king over all creation.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “King of the Jews” could also be translated as “king over the Jews” or “king who rules over the Jews” or “supreme ruler of the Jews.”
• Check to see how the phrase “king of” is translated in other places in the translation.

(See also: descendant, Jew, Jesus, king, kingdom, kingdom of God, wise men)

Bible References:

• Luke 23:3
• Luke 23:38
• Matthew 2:2
• Matthew 27:11
• Matthew 27:35-37

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 23:9 Some time later, wise men from countries far to the east saw an unusual star in the sky. They realized it meant a new king of the Jews was born.
• 39:9 Pilate asked Jesus, “Are you the King of the Jews?”
• 39:12 The Roman soldiers whipped Jesus and put a royal robe and a crown made of thorns on him. Then they mocked him by saying, “Look, the King of the Jews!”
• 40:2 Pilate commanded that they write, “King of the Jews” on a sign and put it on the cross above Jesus’ head.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G09350, G24530

Facts:

In the Old Testament, “Lord Yahweh” is frequently used to refer to the one true God.

• The term “Lord” is a divine title and “Yahweh” is God’s personal name.
• “Yahweh” is also often combined with the term “God” to form “Yahweh God.”

Translation Suggestions:

• If some form of “Yahweh” is used for the translation of God’s personal name, the terms “Lord Yahweh” and “Yahweh God” can be translated literally. Also consider how the term “Lord” is translated in other contexts when referring to God.
• Some languages put titles after the name and would translate this as “Yahweh Lord.” Consider what is natural in the project language: should the title “Lord” come before or after “Yahweh”?
• “Yahweh God” could also be rendered as “God who is called Yahweh” or “God who is the Living One” or “I am, who is God.”
• If the translation follows the tradition of rendering “Yahweh” as “Lord” or “LORD,” the term “Lord Yahweh” could be translated as “Lord God” or “God who is the Lord.” Other possible translations could be, “Master LORD” or “God the LORD.”
• The term “Lord Yahweh” should not be rendered as “Lord LORD” because readers may not notice the difference in letter size that has traditionally been used to distinguish these two words and it would look very strange.

(Translation suggestions: How to Translate Names

(See also: God, lord, Lord, Yahweh)

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 4:3-4
• 2 Samuel 7:21-23
• Deuteronomy 3:23-25
• Ezekiel 39:25-27
• Ezekiel 45:18
• Jeremiah 44:26
• Judges 6:22
• Micah 1:2-4

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0136, H0430, H3068, G23160, G29620

Definition:

The term “Lord’s Supper” was used by the apostle Paul to refer to the Passover meal that Jesus ate with his disciples on the night he was arrested by the Jewish leaders.

• During this meal, Jesus broke the Passover bread into pieces and called it his body, which would soon be beaten and killed.
• He called the cup of wine his blood, which would soon be spilled out as he died as a sacrifice for sin.
• Jesus commanded that as often as his followers shared this meal together, they should remember his death and resurrection.
• In his letter to the Corinthians, the apostle Paul also further established the Lord’s Supper as a regular practice for believers in Jesus.
• Churches today often use the term “communion” to refer to the Lord’s Supper. The term “Last Supper” is also sometimes used.

Translation Suggestions:

• This term could also be translated as “the Lord’s meal” or “the meal of our Lord Jesus” or “the meal in memory of the Lord Jesus.”

(See also: Passover)

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 11:20
• 1 Corinthians 11:25-26

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G11730, G29600

Facts:

The term “Most High” is a title for God. It refers to his greatness or authority.

• The meaning of this term is similar to the meaning of “Sovereign” or “Supreme.”
• The word “high” in this title does not refer to physical height or distance. It refers to greatness.

Translation Suggestions:

• This term can also be translated as “Most High God” or “Most Supreme being” or “God Most High” or “Greatest One” or “Supreme One” or “God, who is Greater than all.”
• If a word like “high” is used, make sure it does not refer to being physically high or tall.

(See also: God)

Bible References:

• Acts 7:47-50
• Acts 16:16-18
• Daniel 4:17-18
• Deuteronomy 32:7-8
• Genesis 14:17-18
• Hebrews 7:1-3
• Hosea 7:16
• Lamentations 3:35
• Luke 1:32

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H5945, G53100

Facts:

The term “Nazirite” refers to a person who has taken a “Nazirite vow.” Mostly men took this vow, but women could also take it.

• A person who took the Nazirite vow agreed to not have any food or drink made from grapes for period that had been agreed upon for the fulfillment of the vow. During this period he was also not to get his hair cut and not go near a dead body.
• When the required length of time had passed, and the vow had been fulfilled, the Nazirite would go to the priest and provide an offering. This would include the cutting and burning of his hair. All other restrictions would also be removed.
• Samson is a well-known man in the Old Testament who was under the Nazirite vow.
• The angel announcing John the Baptist’s birth told Zechariah that his son would not drink strong drink, which may indicate that John was under the Nazirite vow.
• According to a passage in the book of Acts the apostle Paul may also have at one time taken this vow, according to one passage in the book of Acts.

(Translation suggestions: Translate Names

(See also: John (the Baptist), sacrifice, Samson, vow, Zechariah (OT))

Bible References:

• Acts 18:18-19
• Amos 2:11-12
• Judges 13:5
• Numbers 6:1-4

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H5139

Facts:

The “Passover” is the name of a religious festival that the Jews celebrate every year, to remember how God rescued their ancestors, the Israelites, from slavery in Egypt.

• The name of this festival comes from the fact that God “passed over” the houses of the Israelites and did not kill their sons when he killed the firstborn sons of the Egyptians.
• The Passover celebration includes a special meal of a perfect lamb that they have killed and roasted, as well as bread made without yeast. These foods remind them of the meal that the Israelites ate the night before they escaped from Egypt.
• God told the Israelites to eat this meal every year in order to remember and celebrate how God “passed over” their houses and how he set them free from slavery in Egypt.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “Passover” could be translated by combining the words “pass” and “over” or another combination of words that has this meaning.
• It is helpful if the name of this festival has a clear connection to the words used to explain what the angel of the Lord did in passing by the houses of the Israelites and sparing their sons.

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 5:7
• 2 Chronicles 30:13-15
• 2 Kings 23:23
• Deuteronomy 16:2
• Exodus 12:26-28
• Ezra 6:21-22
• John 13:1
• Joshua 5:10-11
• Leviticus 23:4-6
• Numbers 9:3

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 12:14 God commanded the Israelites to remember his victory over the Egyptians and their deliverance from slavery by celebrating the Passover every year.
• 38:1 Every year, the Jews celebrated the Passover. This was a celebration of how God had saved their ancestors from slavery in Egypt many centuries earlier.
• 38:4 Jesus celebrated the Passover with his disciples.
• 48:9 When God saw the blood, he passed over their houses and did not kill their firstborn sons. This event is called the Passover.
• 48:10 Jesus is our Passover Lamb. He was perfect and sinless and was killed at the time of the Passover celebration.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H6453, G39570

Facts:

The “Festival of Weeks” was a Jewish festival that took place fifty days after Passover. It was later referred to as “Pentecost.”

• The Feast of Weeks was seven weeks (fifty days) after the Feast of Firstfruits. In the New Testament times, this festival was called “Pentecost” which has “fifty” as part of its meaning.
• The Festival of Weeks was held to celebrate the beginning of the grain harvest. It was also a time to remember when God first gave the Law to the Israelites on the tablets of stone given to Moses.
• In the New Testament, the Day of Pentecost is especially significant because it was when the believers of Jesus received the Holy Spirit in a new way.

(Translation suggestions: How to Translate Names

(See also: festival, firstfruits, harvest, Holy Spirit, raise)

Bible References:

• 2 Chronicles 8:12-13
• Acts 2:1
• Acts 20:15-16
• Deuteronomy 16:16-17
• Numbers 28:26

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H2282, H7620, G40050

Facts:

The Pharisees were an important, powerful group of Jewish religious leaders in Jesus’ time.

• Many of them were middle class businessmen and some of them were also priests.
• Of all the Jewish leaders, the Pharisees were the most strict in obeying the Laws of Moses and other Jewish laws and traditions.
• They were very concerned about keeping the Jewish people separated from the influence of the Gentiles around them. The name “Pharisee” comes from the word to “separate.”
• The Pharisees believed in life after death; they also believed in the existence of angels and other spiritual beings.
• The Pharisees and Sadducees actively opposed Jesus and the early Christians.

(See also: council, Jewish leaders, law, Sadducee)

Bible References:

• Acts 26:4
• John 3:1-2
• Luke 11:44
• Matthew 3:7
• Matthew 5:20
• Matthew 9:11
• Matthew 12:2
• Matthew 12:38
• Philippians 3:5

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G53300

Facts:

The term “Promised Land” only occurs in the Bible stories, not the Bible text. It is an alternate way of referring to the land of Canaan which God had promised to give to Abraham and his descendants.

• When Abram was living in the city of Ur, God commanded him to go live in the land of Canaan. He and his descendants, the Israelites, lived there for many years.
• When a severe famine caused there to be no food in Canaan, the Israelites moved to Egypt.
• Four hundred years later, God rescued the Israelites from slavery in Egypt and brought them back to Canaan again, the land God had promised to give them.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “Promised Land” can be translated as the “land that God said he would give to Abraham” or “land that God promised to Abraham” or “land God promised to his people” or “land of Canaan.”
• In the Bible text, this term occurs as some form of “the land God promised.”

(See also: Canaan, promise)

Bible References:

• Deuteronomy 8:1-2
• Ezekiel 7:26-27

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 12:1 They (Israelites) were no longer slaves, and they were going to the Promised Land!
• 14:1 After God had told the Israelites the laws he wanted them to obey as part of his covenant with them, God began leading them from Mount Sinai toward the Promised Land, which was also called Canaan.
• 14:2 God had promised Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob that he would give the Promised Land to their descendants, but now there were many people groups living there.
• 14:14 Then God led the people to the edge of the Promised Land again.
• 15:2 The Israelites had to cross the Jordan River to enter into the Promised Land.
• 15:12 After this battle, God gave each tribe of Israel its own section of the Promised Land.
• 20:9 This period of time when God’s people were forced to leave the Promised Land is called the Exile.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0776, H3068, H3423, H5159, H5414, H7650

Definition:

The term “Rabbi” literally means “my master” or “my teacher.”

• It was a title of respect that was used to address a man who was a Jewish religious teacher, especially a teacher of God’s laws.
• Both John the Baptist and Jesus were sometimes called “Rabbi” by their disciples.

Translation Suggestions:

• Ways to translate this term could include “My Master” or “My Teacher” or “Honorable Teacher” or “Religious Teacher.” Some languages may capitalize a greeting like this, while others may not.
• The project language may also have a special way that teachers are normally addressed.
• Make sure the translation of this term does not indicate that Jesus was a schoolteacher.
• Also consider how “Rabbi” is translated in a Bible translation in a related language or a national language.

(See: How to Translate Unknowns

(See also: teacher)

Bible References:

• John 1:49-51
• John 6:24-25
• Mark 14:43-46
• Matthew 23:8-10

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G44610

Definition:

The term “Sabbath” refers to the seventh day of the week, which God commanded the Israelites to set apart as a day of rest and doing no work.

• After God finished creating the world in six days, he rested on the seventh day. In the same way, God commanded the Israelites to set aside the seventh day as a special day to rest and worship him.
• The command to “keep the Sabbath holy” is one of the ten commandments that God wrote on the stone tablets that he gave Moses for the Israelites.
• Following the Jewish system of counting days, the Sabbath begins on Friday at sundown and lasts until Saturday at sundown.
• Sometimes in the Bible the Sabbath is called “Sabbath day” rather than only the Sabbath.

Translation Suggestions:

• This could also be translated as “resting day” or “day for resting” or “day of not working” or “God’s day of rest.”
• Some translations capitalize this term to show that it is a special day, as in “Sabbath Day” or “Resting Day.”
• Consider how this term is translated in a local or national language.

(See also: How to Translate Unknowns

(See also: rest)

Bible References:

• 2 Chronicles 31:2-3
• Acts 13:26-27
• Exodus 31:14
• Isaiah 56:6-7
• Lamentations 2:6
• Leviticus 19:3
• Luke 13:14
• Mark 2:27
• Matthew 12:2
• Nehemiah 10:32-33

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 13:5 “Always be sure to keep the Sabbath day holy. That is, do all your work in six days, for the seventh day is a day for you to rest and to honor me.”
• 26:2 Jesus went to the town of Nazareth where he had lived during his childhood. On the Sabbath, he went to the place of worship.
• 41:3 The day after Jesus was buried was a Sabbath day, and the Jews were not permitted to go to the tomb on that day.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H4868, H7676, H7677, G43150, G45210

Definition:

The Sadducees were a political group of Jewish priests during the time of Jesus Christ. They supported Roman rule and did not believe in the resurrection.

• Many Sadducees were wealthy, upper-class Jews who held powerful leadership positions such as chief priest and high priest.
• The duties of the Sadducees included taking care of the temple complex and priestly tasks such as offering sacrifices.
• The Sadducees and the Pharisees strongly influenced the Roman leaders to crucify Jesus.
• Jesus spoke against these two religious groups because of their selfishness and hypocrisy.

(See also: chief priests, council, high priest, hypocrite, Jewish leaders, Pharisee, priest)

Bible References:

• Acts 4:3
• Acts 5:17-18
• Luke 20:27
• Matthew 3:7
• Matthew 16:1

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G45230

Facts:

Although the devil is a spirit being that God created, he rebelled against God and became God’s enemy. The devil is also called “Satan” and “the evil one.”

• The devil hates God and all that God created because he wants to take the place of God and be worshiped as God.
• Satan tempts people to rebel against God.
• God sent his Son, Jesus, to rescue people from Satan’s control.
• The name “Satan” means “adversary” or “enemy.”
• The word “devil” means “accuser.”

Translation Suggestions:

• The word “devil” could also be translated as “the accuser” or “the evil one” or “the king of evil spirits” or “the chief evil spirit.”
• “Satan” could be translated as “Opponent” or “Adversary” or some other name that shows that he is the devil.
• These terms should be translated differently from demon and evil spirit.
• Consider how these terms are translated in a local or national language.

(See: How to Translate Unknowns

(Translation suggestions: How to Translate Names

(See also: demon, evil, kingdom of God, tempt)

Bible References:

• 1 John 3:8
• 1 Thessalonians 2:17-20
• 1 Timothy 5:15
• Acts 13:10
• Job 1:8
• Mark 8:33
• Zechariah 3:1

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 21:1 The snake who deceived Eve was Satan. The promise meant that the Messiah who would come would defeat Satan completely.
• 25:6 Then Satan showed Jesus all the kingdoms of the world and all their glory and said, “I will give you all this if you bow down and worship me.”
• 25:8 Jesus did not give in to Satan’s temptations, so Satan left him.
• 33:6 So Jesus explained, “The seed is the word of God. The path is a person who hears God’s word, but does not understand it, and the devil takes the word from him.”
• 38:7 After Judas took the bread, Satan entered into him.
• 48:4 God promised that one of Eve’s descendants would crush Satan’s head, and Satan would wound his heel. This meant that Satan would kill the Messiah, but God would raise him to life again, and then the Messiah will crush the power of Satan forever.
• 49:15 God has taken you out of Satan’s kingdom of darkness and put you into God’s kingdom of light.
• 50:9 “The weeds represent the people who belong to the evil one. The enemy who planted the weeds represents the devil.”
• 50:10 “When the world ends, the angels will gather together all the people who belong to the devil and throw them into a raging fire, where they will cry and grind their teeth in terrible suffering.”
• 50:15 When Jesus returns, he will completely destroy Satan and his kingdom. He will throw Satan into hell where he will burn forever, along with everyone who chose to follow him rather than to obey God.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H7700, H7854, H8163, G11390, G11400, G11410, G11420, G12280, G41900, G45660, G45670

Facts:

The term “savior” refers to a person who saves or rescues others from danger. It can also refer to someone who gives strength to others or provides for them.

• In the Old Testament, God is referred to as Israel’s Savior because he often rescued them from their enemies, gave them strength, and provided them with what they needed to live.
• In the Old Testament, God appointed judges to protect the Israelites by leading them in battle against other people groups who came to attack them. These judges are sometimes called “saviors.” The Old Testament book of Judges records the time in history when these judges were governing Israel.
• In the New Testament, “Savior” is used as a description or title for Jesus Christ because he saves people from being eternally punished for their sin. He also saves them from being controlled by their sin.

Translation Suggestions:

• If possible, “Savior” should be translated with a word that is related to the words “save” and “salvation.”
• Ways to translate this term could include “the One who saves” or “God, who saves” or “who delivers from danger” or “who rescues from enemies” or “Jesus, the one who rescues (people) from sin.”

(See also: deliver, Jesus, save, save)

Bible References:

• 1 Timothy 4:10
• 2 Peter 2:20
• Acts 5:29-32
• Isaiah 60:15-16
• Luke 1:47
• Psalms 106:19-21

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H3467, G49900

Facts:

The term “Son of God” refers to Jesus, the Word of God, who came into the world as a human being. He is also often referred to as “the Son.”

• The Son of God has the same nature as God the Father, and is fully God.
• God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit are all of one essence.
• Unlike human sons, the Son of God has always existed.
• In the beginning, the Son of God was active in creating the world, along with the Father and the Holy Spirit.

Because Jesus is God’s Son, he loves and obeys his Father, and his Father loves him.

Translation Suggestions:

• For the term “Son of God,” it is best to translate “Son” with the same word the language would naturally use to refer to a human son.
• Make sure the word used to translate “son” fits with the word used to translate “father” and that these words are the most natural ones used to express a true father-son relationship in the project language.
• Using a capital letter to begin “Son” may help show that this is talking about God.
• The phrase “the Son” is a shortened form of “the Son of God,” especially when it occurs in the same context as “the Father.”

(Translation suggestions: How to Translate Names

(See also: Christ, ancestor, God, God the Father, Holy Spirit, Jesus, son, sons of God)

Bible References:

• 1 John 4:10
• Acts 9:20
• Colossians 1:17
• Galatians 2:20
• Hebrews 4:14
• John 3:18
• Luke 10:22
• Matthew 11:27
• Revelation 2:18
• Romans 8:29

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 22:5 The angel explained, “The Holy Spirit will come to you, and the power of God will overshadow you. So the baby will be holy, the Son of God.”
• 24:9 God had told John, “The Holy Spirit will come down and rest on someone you baptize. That person is the Son of God.”
• 31:8 The disciples were amazed. They worshiped Jesus, saying to him, “Truly, you are the Son of God.”
• 37:5 Martha answered, “Yes, Master! I believe you are the Messiah, the Son of God.”
• 42:10 “So go, make disciples of all people groups by baptizing them in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, and by teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you.”
• 46:6 Right away, Saul began preaching to the Jews in Damascus, saying, “Jesus is the Son of God!”
• 49:9 But God loved everyone in the world so much that he gave his only Son so that whoever believes in Jesus will not be punished for his sins, but will live with God forever.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0426, H0430, H1121, H1247, G23160, G52070

Definition:

The title “Son of Man” was used by Jesus to refer to himself. He often used this term instead of saying “I” or “me.”

• In the Bible, “son of man” could be a way of referring to or addressing a man. It could also mean “human being.”
• Throughout the Old Testament book of Ezekiel, God frequently addressed Ezekiel as “son of man.” For example he said, “You, son of man, must prophesy.”
• The prophet Daniel saw a vision of a “son of man” coming with the clouds, which is a reference to the coming Messiah.
• Jesus also said that the Son of Man will be coming back someday on the clouds.
• These references to the Son of Man coming on the clouds reveal that Jesus the Messiah is God.

Translation Suggestions:

• When Jesus uses the term “Son of Man” it could be translated as “the One who became a human being” or “the Man from heaven.”
• Some translators occasionally include “I” or “me” with this title (as in “I, the Son of Man”) to make it clear that Jesus was talking about himself.
• Check to make sure that the translation of this term does not give a wrong meaning (such as referring to an illegitimate son or giving the wrong impression that Jesus was only a human being).
• When used to refer to a person, “son of man” could also be translated as “you, a human being” or “you, man” or “human being” or “man.”

(See also: heaven, son, Son of God, Yahweh)

Bible References:

• Acts 7:56
• Daniel 7:14
• Ezekiel 43:6-8
• John 3:12-13
• Luke 6:5
• Mark 2:10
• Matthew 13:37
• Psalms 80:17-18
• Revelation 14:14

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0120, H0606, H1121, H1247, G04440, G52070

Facts:

The term “Yahweh” is God’s personal name in the Old Testament. The specific origin of this name is unknown, but it is probably derived from the Hebrew verb meaning, “to be.”

• Following tradition, many Bible versions use the term “LORD” or “the LORD” to represent “Yahweh.” This tradition resulted from the fact that historically, the Jewish people became afraid of mispronouncing Yahweh’s name and started saying “Lord” every time the term “Yahweh” appeared in the text. Modern Bibles write “LORD” with all capital letters to show respect for God’s personal name and to distinguish it from “Lord” which is a different Hebrew word.
• The ULT and UST texts always translate this term as, “Yahweh,” in agreement with the Hebrew text of the Old Testament.
• The term “Yahweh” never occurs in the original text of the New Testament; only the Greek term for “Lord” is used, even when quoting the Old Testament.
• In the Old Testament, when God spoke about himself, he would often use his name instead of a pronoun.
• “Yah” is a shortened form of the name Yahweh that occurs in poetry and praise (e.g. Hallelujah = “Praise Yah”), and in some Hebrew names (e.g. Zechariah = “Yah remembers”).

Translation Suggestions:

• “Yahweh” could be translated by a word or phrase that means “I am” or “existing one” or “the one who is” or “he who is present.”
• This term could also be written in a way that is similar to how “Yahweh” is spelled.
• Some church denominations prefer not to use the term “Yahweh” and instead use the traditional rendering, “LORD.” An important consideration is that this may be confusing when read aloud because it will sound the same as the title “Lord.” Some languages may have an affix or other grammatical marker that could be added to distinguish “LORD” as a name (Yahweh) from “Lord” as a title.
• It is best if possible to keep the name Yahweh where it literally occurs in the text, but some translations may decide to use only a pronoun in some places, to make the text more natural and clear.
• Introduce the quote with something like, “This is what Yahweh says.”

(Translation suggestions: How to Translate Names

(See also: God, Lord)

Bible References:

• 1 Kings 21:20
• 1 Samuel 16:7
• Daniel 9:3
• Ezekiel 17:24
• Genesis 2:4
• Genesis 4:3-5
• Genesis 28:13
• Hosea 11:12
• Isaiah 10:4
• Isaiah 38:8
• Job 12:10
• Joshua 1:9
• Lamentations 1:5
• Leviticus 25:35
• Malachi 3:4
• Micah 2:5
• Micah 6:5
• Numbers 8:11
• Psalm 124:3
• Ruth 1:21
• Zechariah 14:5

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 9:14 God said, “I AM WHO I AM. Tell them, ‘I AM has sent me to you.’ Also tell them, ‘I am Yahweh, the God of your ancestors Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This is my name forever.’”
• 13:4 Then God gave them the covenant and said, “I am Yahweh, your God, who saved you from slavery in Egypt. Do not worship other gods.”
• 13:5 “Do not make idols or worship them, for I, Yahweh, am a jealous God.”
• 16:1 The Israelites began to worship the Canaanite gods instead of Yahweh, the true God.
• 19:10 Then Elijah prayed, “O Yahweh, God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, show us today that you are the God of Israel and that I am your servant.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H3050, H3068, H3069

Definition:

The terms “Yahweh of hosts” and “God of hosts” are titles that express God’s authority over the thousands of angels who obey him.

• The term “host” or “hosts” is a word that refers to a large number of something, such as an army of people or the massive number of stars. It can also refer to all the many spirit beings, including evil spirits. The context makes it clear what is being referred to.
• Phrases similar to “host of the heavens” refer to all the stars, planets and other heavenly bodies.
• In the New Testament, the phrase, “Lord of hosts” means the same as “Yahweh of hosts” but it cannot be translated that way since the Hebrew word “Yahweh” is not used in the New Testament.

Translation Suggestions:

• Ways to translate “Yahweh of hosts” could include, “Yahweh, who rules all the angels” or “Yahweh, the ruler over armies of angels” or “Yahweh, the ruler of all creation.”
• The phrase “of hosts” in the terms “God of hosts” and “Lord of hosts” would be translated the same way as in the phrase “Yahweh of hosts” above.
• Certain churches do not accept the literal term “Yahweh” and prefer to use the capitalized word, “LORD” instead, following the tradition of many Bible versions. For these churches, a translation of the term “LORD of hosts” would be used in the Old Testament for “Yahweh of hosts.”

(See also: angel, authority, God, lord, Lord, Lord Yahweh Yahweh)

Bible References:

• Zechariah 13:2

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0430, H3068, H6635, G29620, G45190

Definition:

Originally, the term “Zion” or “Mount Zion” referred to a stronghold or fortress that King David captured from the Jebusites. Both these terms became other ways of referring to Jerusalem.

• Mount Zion and Mount Moriah were two of the hills that the city of Jerusalem was located on. Later, “Zion” and “Mount Zion” became used as general terms to refer to both of these mountains and to the city of Jerusalem. Sometimes they also referred to the temple that was located in Jerusalem. (See: metonymy
• David named Zion, or Jerusalem, the “City of David.” This is different from David’s hometown, Bethlehem, which was also called the City of David.
• The term “Zion” is used in other figurative ways, to refer to Israel or to God’s spiritual kingdom or to the new, heavenly Jerusalem that God will create.

(See also: Abraham, David, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Jebusites)

Bible References:

• 1 Chronicles 11:5
• Amos 1:2
• Jeremiah 51:35
• Psalm 76:1-3
• Romans 11:26

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H6726

Definition:

The term “abomination” is used to refer to something that causes disgust or extreme dislike.

• The Egyptians considered the Hebrew people to be an “abomination.” This means that the Egyptians disliked the Hebrews and didn’t want to associate with them or be near them.
• Some of the things that the Bible calls “an abomination to Yahweh” include lying, pride, sacrificing humans, worship of idols, murder, and sexual sins such as adultery and homosexual acts.
• In teaching his disciples about the end times, Jesus referred to a prophecy by the prophet Daniel about an “abomination of desolation” that would be set up as a rebellion against God, defiling his place of worship.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “abomination” could also be translated by “something God hates” or “something disgusting” or “disgusting practice” or “very evil action.”
• Depending on the context, ways to translate the phrase “is an abomination to” could include “is greatly hated by” or “is disgusting to” or “is totally unacceptable to” or “causes deep disgust.”
• The phrase “abomination of desolation” could be translated as “defiling object that causes people to be greatly harmed” or “disgusting thing that causes great sorrow.”

(See also: adultery, desecrate, desolate, false god, sacrifice)

Bible References:

• Ezra 9:1-2
• Genesis 46:34
• Isaiah 1:13
• Matthew 24:15
• Proverbs 26:25

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0887, H6292, H8251, H8262, H8263, H8441, G09460

Definition:

The terms “adopt” and “adoption” refer to the process of someone legally becoming the child of people who are not his biological parents.

• The Bible uses “adoption” and “adopt” in a figurative way to describe how God causes people to be part of his family, making them his spiritual sons and daughters.
• As adopted children, God makes believers to be co-heirs with Jesus Christ, giving them all of the privileges of sons and daughters of God.

Translation Suggestions:

• This term could be translated with a term that the language of translation uses to describe this special parent-child relationship. Make sure it is understood that this has a figurative or spiritual meaning.
• The phrase “experience adoption as sons” could be translated as “be adopted by God as his children” or “become God’s (spiritual) children.”
• To “wait for the adoption of sons” could be translated as “look forward to becoming God’s children” or “wait expectantly for God to receive as children.”
• The phrase “adopt them” could be translated as “receive them as his own children” or “make them his own (spiritual) children.”

(See also: heir, inherit, spirit)

Bible References:

• Ephesians 1:5
• Galatians 4:3-5
• Romans 8:14-15
• Romans 8:23
• Romans 9:4

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G52060

Definition:

The term “adultery” refers to a sin that occurs when a married person has sexual relations with someone who is not that person’s spouse. Both of them are guilty of adultery. The term “adulterous” describes this kind of behavior or any person who commits this sin.

• The term “adulterer” refers generally to any person who commits adultery.
• Sometimes the term “adulteress” is used to specify that it was a woman who committed adultery.
• Adultery breaks the promises that a husband and wife made to each other in their covenant of marriage.
• God commanded the Israelites to not commit adultery.

Translation Suggestions:

• If the target language does not have one word that means “adultery,” this term could be translated with a phrase such as “having sexual relations with someone else’s wife” or “being intimate with another person’s spouse.”
• Some languages may have an indirect way of talking about adultery, such as “sleeping with someone else’s spouse” or “being unfaithful to one’s wife.” (See: euphemism

(See also: commit, covenant, sexual immorality, faithful)

Bible References:

• Exodus 20:14
• Hosea 4:1-2
• Luke 16:18
• Matthew 5:28
• Matthew 12:39
• Revelation 2:22

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 13:6 “Do not commit adultery.”
• 28:2 Do not commit adultery.
• 34:7 “The religious leader prayed like this, ‘Thank you, God, that I am not a sinner like other men-such as robbers, unjust men, adulterers, or even like that tax collector.’”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H5003, H5004, G34280, G34290, G34300, G34310, G34320

Definition:

An altar was a raised structure on which the Israelites burned animals and grains as offerings to God.

• During Bible times, simple altars were often made by forming a mound of packed-down dirt or by carefully placing large stones to form a stable pile.
• Some special box-shaped altars were made of wood overlaid with metals such as gold, brass, or bronze.
• Other people groups living near the Israelites also built altars to offer sacrifices to their gods.

(See also: altar of incense, false god, grain offering, sacrifice)

Bible References:

• Genesis 8:20
• Genesis 22:9
• James 2:21
• Luke 11:49-51
• Matthew 5:23
• Matthew 23:19

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 3:14 After Noah got off the boat, he built an altar and sacrificed some of each kind of animal which could be used for a sacrifice.
• 5:8 When they reached the place of sacrifice, Abraham tied up his son Isaac and laid him on an altar.
• 13:9 A priest would kill the animal and burn it on the altar.
• 16:6 He (Gideon) built a new altar dedicated to God near where the altar to the idol used to be and made a sacrifice to God on it.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0741, H2025, H4056, H4196, G10410, G23790

Definition:

The term “amen” is a word used to emphasize or call attention to what a person has said. It is often used at the end of a prayer. Sometimes it is translated as “truly.”

• When used at the end of a prayer, “amen” communicates agreement with the prayer or expresses a desire that the prayer be fulfilled.
• In his teaching, Jesus used “amen” to emphasize the truth of what he said. He often followed that by “and I say to you” to introduce another teaching that related to the previous teaching.
• When Jesus uses “amen” this way, some English versions (and the ULT) translate this as “verily” or “truly.”
• Another word meaning “truly” is sometimes translated as “surely” or “certainly” and is also used to emphasize what the speaker is saying.

Translation Suggestions:

• Consider whether the target language has a special word or phrase that is used to emphasize something that has been said.
• When used at the end of a prayer or to confirm something, “amen” could be translated as “let it be so” or “may this happen” or “that is true.”
• When Jesus says, “truly I tell you,” this could also be translated as “Yes, I tell you sincerely” or “That is true, and I also tell you.”
• The phrase “truly, truly I tell you” could be translated as “I tell you this very sincerely” or “I tell you this very earnestly” or “what I am telling you is true.”

(See also: fulfill, true)

Bible References:

• Deuteronomy 27:15
• John 5:19
• Jude 1:24-25
• Matthew 26:33-35
• Philemon 1:23-25
• Revelation 22:20-21

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0543, G02810

Definition:

An angel is a powerful spirit being whom God created. Angels exist to serve God by doing whatever he tells them to do. The term “archangel” refers to the angel who rules or leads all the other angels.

• The word “angel” literally means “messenger.”
• The term “archangel” literally means “chief messenger.” The only angel referred to in the Bible as an “archangel” is Michael.
• In the Bible, angels gave messages to people from God. These messages included instructions about what God wanted the people to do.
• Angels also told people about events that were going to happen in the future or events that had already happened.
• Angels have God’s authority as his representatives and sometimes in the Bible they spoke as if God himself was speaking.
• Other ways that angels serve God are by protecting and strengthening people.
• A special phrase, “angel of Yahweh,” has more than one possible meaning: (1) It may mean “angel who represents Yahweh” or “messenger who serves Yahweh.” (2) It may refer to Yahweh himself, who looked like an angel as he talked to a person. Either one of these meanings would explain the angel’s use of “I” as if Yahweh himself was talking.

Translation Suggestions:

• Ways to translate “angel” could include “messenger from God” or “God’s heavenly servant” or “God’s spirit messenger.”
• The term “archangel” could be translated as “chief angel” or “head ruling angel” or “leader of the angels.”
• Also consider how these terms are translated in a national language or another local language.
• The phrase “angel of Yahweh” should be translated using the words for “angel” and “Yahweh.” This will allow for different interpretations of that phrase. Possible translations could include “angel from Yahweh” or “angel sent by Yahweh” or “Yahweh, who looked like an angel.”

(See also: How to Translate Unknowns

(See also: chief, head, messenger, Michael, ruler, servant)

Bible References:

• 2 Samuel 24:16
• Acts 10:3-6
• Acts 12:23
• Colossians 2:18-19
• Genesis 48:16
• Luke 2:13
• Mark 8:38
• Matthew 13:50
• Revelation 1:20
• Zechariah 1:9

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 2:12 God placed large, powerful angels at the entrance to the garden to keep anyone from eating the fruit of the tree of life.
• 22:3 The angel responded to Zechariah, “I was sent by God to bring you this good news.”
• 23:6 Suddenly, a shining angel appeared to them (the shepherds), and they were terrified. The angel said, “Do not be afraid, because I have some good news for you.”
• 23:7 Suddenly, the skies were filled with angels praising God.
• 25:8 Then angels came and took care of Jesus.
• 38:12 Jesus was very troubled and his sweat was like drops of blood. God sent an angel to strengthen him.
• 38:15 “I could ask the Father for an army of angels to defend me.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0047, H0430, H4397, H4398, H8136, G00320, G07430, G24650

Definition:

The term “anoint” means to rub or pour oil on a person or object. In biblical times, there were several reasons for anointing someone with oil. Often this was a Symbolic Action, representing God empowering that person with the Holy Spirit for special service to him.

• In the Old Testament, priests, kings, and prophets were anointed with oil to set them apart for special service to God.
• Objects such as altars or the tabernacle were also anointed with oil to show that they were to be used to worship and glorify God.
• In the New Testament, sick people were anointed with oil for their healing.
• Sometimes the oil was mixed with spices, giving it a sweet, perfumed smell.
• The New Testament records two times that Jesus was anointed with perfumed oil by a woman, as an act of worship.
• People prepared dead bodies for burial by anointing them with perfumed oils and spices.
• In the New Testament, receiving the Holy Spirit is described as anointing.
• The titles “Messiah” (Hebrew) and “Christ” (Greek) mean “the Anointed (One).”
• Jesus the Messiah is the one who was chosen and anointed as a Prophet, High Priest, and King.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, the term “anoint” could be translated as “pour/put oil on” or “consecrate by pouring oil on” or “consecrate” or “appoint.”
• Depending on the context, to “be anointed” could be translated as “be consecrated with oil” or “be appointed” or “be consecrated” or “be given the Holy Spirit.”
• A phrase like “the anointed priest,” could be translated as “the priest who was consecrated with oil” or “the priest who was set apart by the pouring on of oil.”

(See also: Christ, consecrate, high priest, King of the Jews, priest, prophet)

Bible References:

• 1 John 2:20
• 1 John 2:27
• 2 Corinthians 1:21
• 1 Samuel 16:2-3
• Acts 4:27-28
• Amos 6:5-6
• Exodus 29:5-7
• James 5:13-15

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0047, H0430, H1101, H1878, H3323, H4397, H4398, H4473, H4886, H4888, H4899, H5480, H8136, G00320, G02180, G07430, G14720, G20250, G34620, G55450, G55480

Definition:

The term “antichrist” refers to a person or teaching that is against Jesus Christ and his work. There are many antichrists in the world.

• The apostle John tells us that a person is the antichrist if he deceives people by saying that Jesus is not the Messiah or if he denies that Jesus is both God and human.
• The Bible also teaches that there is a general spirit of antichrist in the world that opposes Jesus’ work.
• The beast in chapter 13 of the New Testament book of Revelation is often identified as the ultimate antichrist. This person or being will attempt to destroy God’s people, but he will be defeated by Jesus.
• The apostle Paul refers to this person as “the man of lawlessness” (2 Thess 2:3) and to the general spirit of antichrist in the world as “the secret power of lawlessness” (2 Thess 2:7).

Translation Suggestions:

• Other ways to translate this term could include a word or phrase that means “Christ-opposer” or “enemy of Christ” or “person who is against Christ.”
• The phrase “spirit of the antichrist” could also be translated as “spirit that is against Christ” or “attitude of spreading lies about Christ” or “spirit that teaches lies about Christ.”
• Also consider how this term is translated in a Bible translation in a local or national language. (See: How to Translate Unknowns

(See also: Christ, tribulation)

Bible References:

• 1 John 2:18
• 1 John 2:22
• 1 John 4:3
• 2 John 1:7

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G05000

Definition:

The “apostles” were men sent by Jesus to preach about God and his kingdom. The term “apostleship” refers to the position and authority of those who were chosen as apostles.

• The word “apostle” means “someone who is sent out for a special purpose.” The apostle has the same authority as the one who sent him.
• Jesus’ twelve closest disciples became the first apostles. Other men, such as Paul and James, also became apostles.
• By God’s power, the apostles were able to boldly preach the gospel and heal people, and were able to force demons to come out of people.

Translation Suggestions:

• The word “apostle” can also be translated with a word or phrase that means “someone who is sent out” or “sent-out one” or “person who is called to go out and preach God’s message to people.”
• It is important to translate the terms “apostle” and “disciple” in different ways.
• Also consider how this term was translated in a Bible translation in a local or national language. (See How to Translate Unknowns

(See also: authority, disciple, James (son of Zebedee), Paul, the twelve)

Bible References:

• Jude 1:17-19
• Luke 9:12-14

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 26:10 Then Jesus chose twelve men who were called his apostles. The apostles traveled with Jesus and learned from him.
• 30:1 Jesus sent his apostles to preach and to teach people in many different villages.
• 38:2 Judas was one of Jesus’ apostles. He was in charge of the apostles’ money bag, but he loved money and often stole from the bag.
• 43:13 The disciples devoted themselves to the apostles’ teaching, fellowship, eating together, and prayer.
• 46:8 Then a believer named Barnabas took Saul to the apostles and told them how Saul had preached boldly in Damascus.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G06510, G06520, G24910, G53760, G55700

Definition:

The terms “appoint” and “appointed” refer to choosing someone to fulfill a specific task or role.

• To “be appointed” can also refer to being “chosen” to receive something, as in “appointed to eternal life.” That people were “appointed to eternal life” means they were chosen to receive eternal life.
• The phrase “appointed time” refers to God’s “chosen time” or “planned time” for something to happen.
• The word “appoint” may also mean to “command” or “assign” someone to do something.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, ways to translate “appoint” could include “choose” or “assign” or “formally choose” or “designate.”
• The term “appointed” could be translated as “assigned” or “planned” or “specifically chose.”
• The phrase “be appointed” could also be translated as “be chosen.”

Bible References:

• 1 Samuel 8:11
• Acts 3:20
• Acts 6:2
• Acts 13:48
• Genesis 41:33-34
• Numbers 3:9-10

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0561, H0977, H2163, H2296, H2706, H2708, H2710, H3198, H3245, H3259, H3677, H3983, H4150, H4151, H4152, H4483, H4487, H4662, H5324, H5344, H5414, H5567, H5975, H6310, H6485, H6565, H6635, H6680, H6923, H6942, H6966, H7760, H7896, G03220, G06060, G12990, G13030, G19350, G25250, G27490, G42870, G42960, G43840, G49290, G50210, G50870

Definition:

The term “ark” literally refers to a rectangular wooden box that is made to hold or protect something. An ark can be large or small, depending on what it is being used for.

• In the English Bible, the word “ark” is first used to refer to the very large, rectangular, wooden boat that Noah built to escape the worldwide flood. The ark had a flat bottom, a roof, and walls.
• Ways to translate this term could include “very large boat” or “barge” or “cargo ship” or “large, box-shaped boat.”
• The Hebrew word that is used to refer to this huge boat is the same word used for the basket or box that held baby Moses when his mother put him in the Nile River to hide him. In that case it is usually translated as “basket.”
• In the phrase “ark of the covenant,” a different Hebrew word is used for “ark.” This could be translated as “box” or “chest” or “container.”
• When choosing a term to translate “ark,” it is important in each context to consider what size it is and what it is being used for.

(See also: ark of the covenant, basket)

Bible References:

• 1 Peter 3:20
• Exodus 16:33-36
• Exodus 30:6
• Genesis 8:4-5
• Luke 17:27
• Matthew 24:37-39

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0727, H8392, G27870

Definition:

These terms refer to a special wooden chest, overlaid with gold, that contained the two stone tablets on which the Ten Commandments were written. It also contained Aaron’s staff and a jar of manna.

• The term “ark” here could be translated as “box” or “chest” or “container.”
• The objects in this chest reminded the Israelites of God’s covenant with them.
• The ark of the covenant was located in the “most holy place.”
• God’s presence was above the ark of the covenant in the most holy place of the tabernacle, where he spoke to Moses on behalf of the Israelites.
• During the time that the ark of the covenant was in the most holy place of the temple, the high priest was the only one who could approach the ark, once a year on the Day of Atonement.
• Many English versions translate the term “covenant decrees” literally as “testimony.” This refers to the fact that the Ten Commandments were a testimony or witness to God’s covenant with his people. It is also translated as “covenant law.”

(See also: ark, covenant, atonement, holy place, testimony)

Bible References:

• 1 Samuel 6:15
• Exodus 25:10-11
• Hebrews 9:5
• Judges 20:27
• Numbers 7:89
• Revelation 11:19

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0727, H1285, H3068

Definition:

The “atonement lid” was a slab of gold that was used to cover the top of the ark of the covenant. In many English translations, it is also referred to as an “atonement cover.”

• The atonement lid was about 115 centimeters in length and 70 centimeters in width.
• Above the atonement lid were two gold cherubim with their wings touching.
• Yahweh said that he would meet with the Israelites above the atonement lid, under the outstretched wings of the cherubim. Only the high priest was permitted to meet with Yahweh in this way, as the representative of the people.
• Sometimes this atonement lid has been referred to as a “mercy seat” because it communicates God’s mercy in coming down to redeem sinful human beings.

Translation Suggestions:

• Other ways to translate this term could include “ark covering where God promises to redeem” or “place where God atones” or “lid of ark where God forgives and restores.”
• Can also mean “place of propitiation.”
• Compare this term with how you translated “atonement,” “propitiation,” and “redemption.”

(See also: ark of the covenant, atonement, cherubim, propitiation, redeem)

Bible References:

• Exodus 25:17
• Exodus 30:6
• Exodus 40:17-20
• Leviticus 16:1-2
• Numbers 7:89

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H3727, G24350

Definition:

The terms “atone” and “atonement” refer to how God provided a sacrifice to pay for people’s sins and to appease his wrath for sin.

• In Old Testament times, God allowed temporary atonement to be made for the sins of the Israelites by the offering of a blood sacrifice, which involved killing an animal.
• As recorded in the New Testament, Christ’s death on the cross is the only true and permanent atonement for sin.
• When Jesus died, he took the punishment that people deserve because of their sin. He paid the atonement price with his sacrificial death.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “atone” could be translated by a word or phrase that means “pay for” or “provide payment for” or “cause someone’s sins to be forgiven” or “make amends for a crime.”
• Ways to translate “atonement” could include “payment” or “sacrifice to pay for sin” or “providing the means of forgiveness.”
• Make sure the translation of this term does not refer to payment of money.

(See also: atonement lid, forgive, propitiation, reconcile, redeem)

Bible References:

• Ezekiel 43:25-27
• Ezekiel 45:18-20
• Leviticus 4:20
• Numbers 5:8
• Numbers 28:22

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H3722, H3725, G26430

Definition:

The term “authority” usually refers to a position of influence, responsibility, or rule over another person.

• Kings and other governing rulers have authority over the people they are ruling.
• The word “authorities” can refer to people, governments, or organizations that have authority over others.
• The word “authorities” can also refer to spirit beings who have power over people who have not submitted themselves to God’s authority.
• Masters have authority over their servants or slaves. Parents have authority over their children.
• Governments have the authority or right to make laws that govern their citizens.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “authority” can also be translated as “control” or “right” or “qualifications.”
• Sometimes “authority” is used with the meaning of “power.”
• When “authorities” is used to refer to people or organizations who rule people, it could also be translated as “leaders” or “rulers” or “powers.”
• The phrase “by his own authority” could also be translated as “with his own right to lead” or “based on his own qualifications.”
• The expression, “under authority” could be translated as “responsible to obey” or “having to obey others’ commands.”

(See also: dominion, king, ruler, power)

Bible References:

• Colossians 2:10
• Esther 9:29
• Genesis 41:35
• Jonah 3:6-7
• Luke 12:5
• Luke 20:1-2
• Mark 1:22
• Matthew 8:9
• Matthew 28:19
• Titus 3:1

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H8633, G08310, G14130, G18490, G18500, G20030, G27150, G52470

Definition:

In the New Testament, the terms “baptize” and “baptism” usually refer to ritually bathing a Christian with water to show that he has been cleansed from sin and has been united with Christ.

Translation Suggestions:

• Christians have different views about how a person should be baptized with water. It is probably best to translate this term in a general way that allows for different ways of applying the water.
• Depending on the context, the term “baptize” could be translated as “purify,” “pour out on,” “plunge (or dip) into,” “wash.” For example, “baptize you with water” could be translated as “plunge you into water.”
• The term “baptism” could be translated as “purification,” “a pouring out,” “a dipping,” “a cleansing.”
• Also consider how this term is translated in a Bible translation in a local or national language.

(See also: How to Translate Unknowns

(See also: John (the Baptist), repent, Holy Spirit)

Bible References:

• Acts 2:38
• Acts 8:36
• Acts 9:18
• Acts 10:48
• Luke 3:16
• Matthew 3:14
• Matthew 28:18-19

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 24:3 When people heard John’s message, many of them repented from their sins, and John baptized them. Many religious leaders also came to be baptized by John, but they did not repent or confess their sins.
• 24:6 The next day, Jesus came to be baptized by John.
• 24:7 John said to Jesus, “I am not worthy to baptize you. You should baptize me instead.”
• 42:10 “So go, make disciples of all people groups by baptizing them in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit and by teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you.”
• 43:11 Peter answered them, “Every one of you should repent and be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ so that God will forgive your sins.”
• 43:12 About 3,000 people believed what Peter said and became disciples of Jesus. They were baptized and became part of the church at Jerusalem.
• 45:11 As Philip and the Ethiopian traveled, they came to some water. The Ethiopian said, “Look! There is some water! May I be baptized?”
• 46:5 Saul immediately was able to see again, and Ananias baptized him.
• 49:14 Jesus invites you to believe in him and be baptized.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G09070

Definition:

The term “beget” means to become the father of someone.

Translation Suggestions:

• You could translate the phrase “beget” as “bring forth” and the term “begat” as “fathered” and the term “begot” as “gave life.”
• The term “begotten” is the passive form of “beget” and means to “be born.”

Bible References:

Word Data:

Definition:

The terms “believe” and “believe in” are closely related, but have slightly different meanings:

1. believe

• To believe something is to accept or trust that it is true.
• To believe someone is to acknowledge that what that person has said is true.

2. believe in

• To “believe in” someone means to “trust in” that person. It means to trust that the person is who he says he is, that he always speaks the truth, and that he will do what he has promised to do.
• When a person truly believes in something, he will act in such a way that shows that belief.
• The phrase “have faith in” usually has the same meaning as “believe in.”
• To “believe in Jesus” means to believe that he is the Son of God, that he is God himself who also became human and who died as a sacrifice to pay for our sins. It means to trust him as Savior and live in a way that honors him.

3. believer

In the Bible, the term “believer” refers to someone who believes in and relies on Jesus Christ as Savior.

• The term “believer” literally means “person who believes.”
• The term “Christian” eventually came to be the main title for believers because it indicates that they believe in Christ and obey his teachings.

4. unbelief

The term “unbelief” refers to not believing something or someone.

• In the Bible, “unbelief” refers to not believing in or not trusting in Jesus as one’s Savior.
• A person who does not believe in Jesus is called an “unbeliever.”

Translation Suggestions:

• To “believe” could be translated as to “know to be true” or “know to be right.”

• To “believe in” could be translated as “trust completely” or “trust and obey” or “completely rely on and follow.”

• Some translations may prefer to say “believer in Jesus” or “believer in Christ.”

• This term could also be translated by a word or phrase that means “person who trusts in Jesus” or “someone who knows Jesus and lives for him.”

• Other ways to translate “believer” could be “follower of Jesus” or “person who knows and obeys Jesus.”

• The term “believer” is a general term for any believer in Christ, while “disciple” and “apostle” were used more specifically for people who knew Jesus while he was alive. It is best to translate these terms in different ways, in order to keep them distinct.

• Other ways to translate “unbelief” could include “lack of faith” or “not believing.”

• The term “unbeliever” could be translated as “person who does not believe in Jesus” or “someone who does not trust in Jesus as Savior.”

(See also: believe, apostle, Christian, disciple, faith, trust)

Bible References:

• Genesis 15:6
• Genesis 45:26
• Job 9:16-18
• Habakkuk 1:5-7
• Mark 6:4-6
• Mark 1:14-15
• Luke 9:41
• John 1:12
• Acts 6:5
• Acts 9:42
• Acts 28:23-24
• Romans 3:3
• 1 Corinthians 6:1
• 1 Corinthians 9:5
• 2 Corinthians 6:15
• Hebrews 3:12
• 1 John 3:23

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 3:4 Noah warned the people about the coming flood and told them to turn to God, but they did not believe him.
• 4:8 Abram believed God’s promise. God declared that Abram was righteous because he believed God’s promise.
• 11:2 God provided a way to save the firstborn of anyone who believed in him.
• 11:6 But the Egyptians did not believe God or obey his commands.
• 37:5 Jesus replied, “I am the Resurrection and the Life. Whoever believes in me will live, even though he dies. Everyone who believes in me will never die. Do you believe this?”
• 43:1 After Jesus returned to heaven, the disciples stayed in Jerusalem as Jesus had commanded them to do. The believers there constantly gathered together to pray.
• 43:3 While the believers were all together, suddenly the house where they were was filled with a sound like a strong wind. Then something that looked like flames of fire appeared over the heads of all the believers.
• 43:13 Every day, more people became believers.
• 46:6 That day many people in Jerusalem started persecuting the followers of Jesus, so the believers fled to other places. But in spite of this, they preached about Jesus everywhere they went.
• 46:1 Saul was the young man who guarded the robes of the men who killed Stephen. He did not believe in Jesus, so he persecuted the believers.
• 46:9 Some believers who fled from the persecution in Jerusalem went far away to the city of Antioch and preached about Jesus.
• 46:9 It was at Antioch that believers in Jesus were first called “Christians.”
• 47:14 They also wrote many letters to encourage and teach the believers in the churches.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0539, H0540, G05430, G05440, G05690, G05700, G05710, G39820, G41000, G41020, G41030, G41350

Definition:

The term “beloved” is an expression of affection that describes someone who is loved and dear to someone else.

• The term “beloved” literally means “loved (one)” or “(who is) loved.”
• God refers to Jesus as his “beloved Son.”
• In their letters to Christian churches, the apostles frequently address their fellow believers as “beloved.”

Translation Suggestions:

• This term could also be translated as “loved” or “loved one” or “well-loved,” or “very dear.”
• In the context of talking about a close friend, this could be translated as “my dear friend” or “my close friend.” In English it is natural to say “my dear friend, Paul” or “Paul, who is my dear friend.” Other languages may find it more natural to order this in a different way.
• Note that the word “beloved” comes from the word for God’s love, which is unconditional, unselfish, and sacrificial.

(See also: love)

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 4:14
• 1 John 3:2
• 1 John 4:7
• Mark 1:11
• Mark 12:6
• Revelation 20:9
• Romans 16:8
• Song of Songs 1:14

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0157, H1730, H2532, H3033, H3039, H4261, G00250, G00270, G52070

Definition:

The term “bind” means to tie something or fasten it securely. Something that is tied or joined together is called a “bond.” The term “bound” is the past tense of this term.

• To be “bound” means to have something tied or wrapped around something else.
• In a figurative sense, a person can be “bound” to a vow, which means he is “required to fulfill” what he promised to do.
• The term “bonds” refers to anything that binds, confines, or imprisons someone. It usually refers to physical chains, fetters or ropes that keep a person from being free to move.
• In Bible times, bonds such as ropes or chains were used to attach prisoners to the wall or floor of a stone prison.
• The term “bind” can also be used to talk about wrapping cloth around a wound to help it heal.
• A dead person would be “bound” with cloth in preparation for burial.
• The term “bond” is used figuratively to refer to something, such as sin, that controls or enslaves someone.
• A bond can also be a close relationship between people in which they support each other emotionally, spiritually and physically. This applies to the bond of marriage.
• For example, a husband and wife are “bound” or tied to each other. It is a bond that God does not want broken.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “bind” could also be translated as “tie” or “tie up” or “wrap (around).”
• Figuratively, it could be translated as to “restrain” or to “prevent” or to “keep from (something).”
• A special use of “bind” in Matthew 16 and 18 means “forbid” or “not permit.”
• The term “bonds” could be translated as “chains” or “ropes” or “shackles.”
• Figuratively the term “bond” could be translated as “knot” or “connection” or “close relationship.”
• The phrase “bond of peace” means “being in harmony, which brings people in closer relationship to each other” or “the tying together that peace brings.”
• To “bind up” could be translated as “wrap around” or “put a bandage on.”
• To “bind” oneself with a vow could be translated as “promise to fulfill a vow” or “commit to fulfill a vow.”
• Depending on the context, the term “bound” could also be translated as “tied” or “tied up” or “chained” or “obligated (to fulfill)” or “required to do.”

(See also: fulfill, peace, prison, servant, vow)

Bible References:

• Leviticus 8:7

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0247, H0481, H0519, H0615, H0631, H0632, H0640, H1366, H1367, H1379, H2280, H2706, H3256, H3533, H3729, H4147, H4148, H4205, H4562, H5650, H5656, H5659, H6029, H6123, H6616, H6696, H6872, H6887, H7194, H7405, H7573, H7576, H8198, H8244, H8379, G02540, G03310, G03320, G11950, G11960, G11980, G11990, G12100, G13970, G13980, G14010, G14020, G26110, G26150, G37340, G37840, G38140, G40190, G40290, G43850, G48860, G48870, G52650

Definition:

The term “birthright” in the Bible refers to the honor, family name, and physical wealth that was normally given to the firstborn son in a family.

• The birthright of the firstborn son included a double portion of the father’s inheritance.
• A king’s firstborn son was normally given the birthright to rule after his father died.
• Esau sold his birthright to his younger brother Jacob. Because of this, Jacob inherited the blessing of the firstborn instead of Esau.
• The birthright also included the honor of having the family descendants traced through the firstborn son’s line.

Translation Suggestions:

• Possible ways to translate “birthright” could include, “rights and wealth of the firstborn son” or “family honor” or “privilege and inheritance of the firstborn.”

(See also: firstborn, inherit, descendant)

Bible References:

• 1 Chronicles 5:1
• Genesis 25:34
• Genesis 43:33
• Hebrews 12:14-17

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1062, G44150

Definition:

The term “blameless” literally means “without blame.” It is used to refer to a person who obeys God wholeheartedly, but it does not mean that the person is sinless.

• Abraham and Noah were considered blameless before God.
• A person who has a reputation for being “blameless” behaves in a way that honors God.
• According to one verse, a person who is blameless is “one who fears God and turns away from evil.”

Translation Suggestions:

• This could also be translated as “with no fault to his character” or “completely obedient to God” or “avoiding sin” or “keeping away from evil.”

Bible References:

• 1 Thessalonians 2:10
• 1 Thessalonians 3:11-13
• 2 Peter 3:14
• Colossians 1:22
• Genesis 17:1-2
• Philippians 2:15
• Philippians 3:6

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H5352, H5355, H8535, G02730, G02740, G02980, G02990, G03380, G04100, G04230

Definition:

In the Bible, the term “blasphemy” refers to speaking in a way that shows a deep disrespect for God or people. To “blaspheme” someone is to speak against that person so that others think something false or bad about him.

• Most often, to blaspheme God means to slander or insult him by saying things that are not true about him or by behaving in an immoral way that dishonors him.
• It is blasphemy for a human being to claim to be God or to claim that there is a God other than the one true God.
• Some English versions translate this term as “slander” when it refers to blaspheming people.

Translation Suggestions:

• To “blaspheme” can be translated as to “say evil things against” or to “dishonor God” or to “slander.”
• Ways to translate “blasphemy” could include “speaking wrongly about others” or “slander” or “spreading false rumors.”

(See also: dishonor, slander)

Bible References:

• 1 Timothy 1:12-14
• Acts 6:11
• Acts 26:9-11
• James 2:5-7
• John 10:32-33
• Luke 12:10
• Mark 14:64
• Matthew 12:31
• Matthew 26:65
• Psalms 74:10

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1288, H1442, H2778, H5006, H5007, H5344, G09870, G09880, G09890

Definition:

To “bless” someone or something means to cause good and beneficial things to happen to the person or thing that is being blessed.

• Blessing someone also means expressing a desire for positive and beneficial things to happen to that person.
• In Bible times, a father would often pronounce a formal blessing on his children.
• When people “bless” God or express a desire that God be blessed, this means they are praising him.
• The term “bless” is sometimes used for consecrating food before it is eaten, or for thanking and praising God for the food.

Translation Suggestions:

• To “bless” could also be translated as to “provide abundantly for” or to “be very kind and favorable toward.”
• “God has brought great blessing to” could be translated as “God has given many good things to” or “God has provided abundantly for” or “God has caused many good things to happen to”.
• “He is blessed” could be translated as “he will greatly benefit” or “he will experience good things” or “God will cause him to flourish.”
• “Blessed is the person who” could be translated as “How good it is for the person who.”
• Expressions like “blessed be the Lord” could be translated as “May the Lord be praised” or “Praise the Lord” or “I praise the Lord.”
• In the context of blessing food, this could be translated as “thanked God for the food” or “praised God for giving them food” or “consecrated the food by praising God for it.”

(See also: praise)

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 10:16
• Acts 13:34
• Ephesians 1:3
• Genesis 14:20
• Isaiah 44:3
• James 1:25
• Luke 6:20
• Matthew 26:26
• Nehemiah 9:5
• Romans 4:9

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 1:7 God saw that it was good and he blessed them.
• 1:15 God made Adam and Eve in his own image. He blessed them and told them, “Have many children and grandchildren and fill the earth.”
• 1:16 So God rested from all he had been doing. He blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on this day he rested from his work.
• 4:4 “I will make your name great. I will bless those who bless you and curse those who curse you. All families on earth will be blessed because of you.”
• 4:7 Melchizedek blessed Abram and said, “May God Most High who owns heaven and earth bless Abram.”
• 7:3 Isaac wanted to give his blessing to Esau.
• 8:5 Even in prison, Joseph remained faithful to God, and God blessed him.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0833, H0835, H1288, H1289, H1293, G17570, G21270, G21280, G21290, G31060, G31070, G31080, G60500

Definition:

The term “born again” was first used by Jesus to describe what it means for God to change a person from being dead spiritually to being alive spiritually. The terms “born of God” and “born of the Spirit” also refer to a person being given new spiritual life.

• All humans are born spiritually dead and are given a “new birth” when they accept Jesus Christ as their Savior.
• At the moment of the spiritual new birth, God’s Holy Spirit begins to live in the new believer and empowers him to produce good spiritual fruit in his life.
• It is God’s work to cause a person to be born again and become his child.

Translation Suggestions:

• Other ways to translate “born again” could include “born anew” or “born spiritually.”
• It is best to translate this term literally and use the normal word in the language that would be used for being born.
• The term “new birth” might be translated as “spiritual birth.”
• The phrase “born of God” could be translated as “caused by God to have new life like a newborn baby” or “given new life by God.”
• In the same way, “born of the Spirit” could be translated as “given new life by the Holy Spirit” or “empowered by the Holy Spirit to become God’s child” or “caused by the Spirit to have new life like a newborn baby.”

(See also: Holy Spirit, save)

Bible References:

• 1 John 3:9
• 1 Peter 1:3
• 1 Peter 1:23
• John 3:4
• John 3:7
• Titus 3:5

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G03130, G05090, G10800, G38240

Definition:

The terms “call” and “called,” in this sense, mean to name a place, person, or being. When referring to a person or thing the terms “call” and “called” can refer either to initially giving someone or something a name for the first time or to saying that thing or persons pre-existing name or title.

• The Bible sometimes uses these terms in the context of naming someone. For example, “His name is called John,” means “He is named John” or “His name is John.”
• To be “called by the name of” means that someone is given the name of someone else. God says that he has called his people by his name.

Translation Suggestions:

• “You must call his name” can also be translated as “you must name him.”
• “His name is called” could also be translated as “his name is” or “he is named.”
• The expression “you are called by my name” could be translated as “I have given you my name, showing that you belong to me.”
• You could translates Jesus’ words “You call me ‘Teacher’ and ‘Lord,’” as “You address me as ‘Teacher’ and ‘Lord,’” or something similar to show that the word “call” in this context means to “address” someone by a specific name or title.

(See also: call to summon)

Bible References:

Word Data:

• Strong’s:

Definition:

The term “call,” in this sense, means to summon a person or being.

• Often in the Bible, “call” has a meaning of “summon” or “command to come” or “request to come.”
• Depending on context the phrase “call upon” can be translated as “summon” or “request help from” or “request to come.”
• God calls people to come to him and be his people. This is their “calling.”
• When God “calls” people, it means that God has appointed or chosen people to be his children, to be his servants and proclaimers of his message of salvation through Jesus.
• The expression, “I have called you by name” means that God has specifically chosen that person.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “call” could be translated by a word that means “summon,” which includes the idea of being intentional or purposeful in calling.
• When the Bible says that God has “called” us to be his servants, this could be translated as “specially chose us” or “appointed us” to be his servants.
• The expression “your calling” could be translated as “your purpose” or “God’s purpose for you” or “God’s special work for you.”
• When God says, “I have called you by name,” this could be translated as “I know you and have chosen you.”

(See also: call to speak loudly, call name)

Bible References:

Word Data:

• Strong’s:

Definition:

The terms “call” and “call out,” in this sense, mean to speak loudly.

• To “call out” to someone means to shout, to announce, or to proclaim. It can also mean to ask someone for help, especially God.
• In some contexts the terms “call” and “call out” mean to loudly ask for help.

Translation Suggestions:

• The expression “call out to you” could be translated as “ask you for help” or “pray to you urgently.”
• When the Bible says that God has “called” us to be his servants, this could be translated as “specially chose us” or “appointed us” to be his servants.
• “You must call his name” can also be translated as “you must name him.”
• “His name is called” could also be translated as “his name is” or “he is named.”
• To “call out” could be translated as “say loudly” or “shout” or “say with a loud voice.” Make sure the translation of this does not sound like the person is angry.
• The expression “your calling” could be translated as “your purpose” or “God’s purpose for you” or “God’s special work for you.”
• To “call on the name of the Lord” could be translated as “seek the Lord and depend on him” or “trust in the Lord and obey him.”
• To “call for” something could be translated by “demand” or “ask for” or “command.”
• The expression “you are called by my name” could be translated as “I have given you my name, showing that you belong to me.”
• When God says, “I have called you by name,” this could be translated as “I know you and have chosen you.”

(See also: pray, cry, call to summon, call name)

Bible References:

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0559, H2199, H4744, H6817, H7121, H7123, H7769, H7773, G01540, G03630, G14580, G15280, G19410, G19510, G20280, G20460, G25640, G28210, G28220, G28400, G29190, G30040, G31060, G33330, G33430, G36030, G36860, G36870, G43160, G43410, G43770, G47790, G48670, G54550, G55370, G55810

Definition:

A centurion was a Roman army officer who had a group of 100 soldiers under his command.

• This could also be translated with a term that means “leader of a hundred men” or “army leader” or “officer in charge of a hundred.”
• One Roman centurion came to Jesus to request healing for his servant.
• The centurion in charge of Jesus’ crucifixion was amazed when he witnessed how Jesus died.
• God sent a centurion to Peter so that Peter could explain to him the good news about Jesus.

(See also: Rome)

Bible References:

• Acts 10:1
• Acts 27:1
• Acts 27:42-44
• Luke 7:4
• Luke 23:47
• Mark 15:39
• Matthew 8:7
• Matthew 27:54

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G15430, G27600

Definition:

The term “the elect” literally means “chosen ones” or “chosen people” and refers to those whom God has appointed or selected to be his people. “Chosen One” or “Chosen One of God” is a title that refers to Jesus, who is the chosen Messiah.

• The term “choose” means to select something or someone or to decide something. It is often used to refer to God appointing people to belong to him and to serve him.
• To be “chosen” means to be “selected” or “appointed” to be or do something.
• God chose people to be holy, to be set apart by him for the purpose of bearing good spiritual fruit. That is why they are called “the chosen (ones)” or “the elect.”
• The term “chosen one” is sometimes used in the Bible to refer to certain people such as Moses and King David whom God had appointed as leaders over his people. It is also used to refer to the nation of Israel as God’s chosen people.
• The phrase “the elect” is an older term that literally means “the chosen ones” or “the chosen people.” This phrase in the original language is plural when referring to believers in Christ.
• In older English Bible versions, the term “elect” is used in both the Old and New Testaments to translate the word for “chosen one(s).” More modern versions use “elect” only in the New Testament, to refer to people who have been saved by God through faith in Jesus. Elsewhere in the Bible text, they translate this word more literally as “chosen ones.”

Translation Suggestions:

• It is best to translate “elect” with a word or phrase that means “chosen ones” or “chosen people.” This could also be translated as “people whom God chose” or “the ones God appointed to be his people.”
• The phrase “who were chosen” could also be translated as “who were appointed” or “who were selected” or “whom God chose.”
• “I chose you” could be translated as “I appointed you” or “I selected you.”
• In reference to Jesus, “Chosen One” could also be translated as “God’s chosen One” or “God’s specially appointed Messiah” or “the One God appointed (to save people).”

(See also: appoint, Christ)

Bible References:

• 2 John 1:1
• Colossians 3:12
• Ephesians 1:3-4
• Isaiah 65:22-23
• Luke 18:7
• Matthew 24:19-22
• Romans 8:33

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0970, H0972, H0977, H1262, H1305, H4005, H6901, G01380, G01400, G15860, G15880, G15890, G19510, G37240, G44000, G44010, G47580, G48990, G55000

Definition:

In the New Testament, the term “church” refers to all people who believe in Jesus. Sometimes “church” refers to a part of that larger group who regularly met together in a certain place, such as the “church at Ephesus.”

• This term literally refers to an assembly or congregation of people who were “called out” of the general population to meet together for a special purpose.
• Often the believers in a particular city would meet together in someone’s home to pray together and to hear and discuss scripture. These local churches were given the name of the city such as the “church at Ephesus.”
• In the Bible, “church” does not refer to a building.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “church” could be translated as a “gathering together” or “assembly” or “congregation” or “ones who meet together.”
• The word or phrase that is used to translate this term should also be able to refer to all believers, not just one small group.
• Make sure that the translation of “church” does not just refer to a building.
• The term used to translate “assembly” in the Old Testament could also be used to translate this term.
• Also consider how it is translated in a local or national Bible translation. (See: How to Translate Unknowns.)

(See also: assembly, believe, Christian)

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 5:12
• 1 Thessalonians 2:14
• 1 Timothy 3:5
• Acts 9:31
• Acts 14:23
• Acts 15:41
• Colossians 4:15
• Ephesians 5:23
• Matthew 16:18
• Philippians 4:15

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 43:12 About 3,000 people believed what Peter said and became disciples of Jesus. They were baptized and became part of the church at Jerusalem.
• 46:9 Most of the people in Antioch were not Jews, but for the first time, very many of them also became believers. Barnabas and Saul went there to teach these new believers more about Jesus and to strengthen the church.
• 46:10 So the church in Antioch prayed for Barnabas and Saul and placed their hands on them. Then they sent them off to preach the good news of Jesus in many other places.
• 47:13 The good news of Jesus kept spreading, and the Church kept growing.
• 50:1 For almost 2,000 years, more and more people around the world have been hearing the good news about Jesus the Messiah. The Church has been growing.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G15770

Definition:

The term “circumcise” means to cut off the foreskin of a man or male child. A circumcision ceremony may be performed in connection with this.

• God commanded Abraham to circumcise every male among his family and servants as a sign of God’s covenant with them.
• God also commanded Abraham’s descendants to continue to do this for every baby boy born into their households.
• The phrase, “circumcision of the heart” refers figuratively to the “cutting away” or removal of sin from a person.
• In a spiritual sense, “the circumcised” refers to people whom God has purified from sin through the blood of Jesus and who are his people.
• The term “uncircumcised” refers to those who have not been circumcised physically. It can also refer figuratively to those who have not been circumcised spiritually, who do not have a relationship with God.

The terms “uncircumcised” and “uncircumcision” refer to a male who has not been physically circumcised. These terms are also used figuratively.

• Egypt was a nation that also required circumcision. So when God talks about Egypt being defeated by the “uncircumcised,” he is referring to people whom the Egyptians despised for not being circumcised.

• The Bible refers to people who have an “uncircumcised heart” or who are “uncircumcised in heart.” This a figurative way of saying that these people are not God’s people, and are stubbornly disobedient to him.

• If a word for circumcision is used or known in the language, “uncircumcised” could be translated as “not circumcised.”

• The expression “the uncircumcision” could be translated as “people who are not circumcised” or “people who do not belong to God,” depending on the context.

• Other ways to translate figurative senses of this term could include “not God’s people” or “rebellious like those who don’t belong to God” or “people who have no sign of belonging to God.”

• The expression “uncircumcised in heart” could be translated as “stubbornly rebellious” or “refusing to believe.” However, if possible it is best to keep the expression or a similar one since spiritual circumcision is an important concept.

Translation Suggestions:

• If the culture of the target language performs circumcisions on males, the word used to refer to this should be used for this term.
• Other ways to translate this term would be, “cut around” or “cut in a circle” or “cut off the foreskin.”
• In cultures where circumcision is not known, it may be necessary to explain it in a footnote or glossary.
• Make sure the term used to translate this does not refer to females. It may be necessary to translate this with a word or phrase that includes the meaning of “male.”

(See also: How to Translate Unknowns

(See also: Abraham, covenant)

Bible References:

• Genesis 17:11
• Genesis 17:14
• Exodus 12:48
• Leviticus 26:41
• Joshua 5:3
• Judges 15:18
• 2 Samuel 1:20
• Jeremiah 9:26
• Ezekiel 32:25
• Acts 10:44-45
• Acts 11:3
• Acts 15:1
• Acts 11:3
• Romans 2:27
• Galatians 5:3
• Ephesians 2:11
• Philippians 3:3
• Colossians 2:11
• Colossians 2:13

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 5:3 “You must circumcise every male in your family.”
• 5:5 That day Abraham circumcised all the males in his household.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H4135, H4139, H5243, H6188, H6189, H6190, G02030, G05640, G19860, G40590, G40610

Definition:

The term “clean” generally refers either to removing dirt or stains from someone/something or to not having any dirt or stain in the first place. The term “wash” refers specifically to action of removing dirt or stains from someone/something.

• “Cleanse” is the process of making something “clean.” It could also be translated as “wash” or “purify.”
• In the Old Testament, God told the Israelites which animals he had specified as ritually “clean” and which ones were “unclean.” Only the clean animals were permitted to be used for eating or for sacrifice. In this context, the term “clean” means that the animal was acceptable to God for use as a sacrifice.
• A person who had certain skin diseases would be unclean until the skin was healed enough to no longer be contagious. Instructions for cleansing the skin had to be obeyed in order for that person to be declared “clean” again.
• Sometimes “clean” is used figuratively to refer to moral purity, meaning to be “clean” from sin.

In the Bible, the term “unclean” is used figuratively to refer to things that God declared to be unfit for his people to touch, eat, or sacrifice.

• God gave the Israelites instructions about which animals were “clean” and which ones were “unclean.” The unclean animals were not permitted to be used for eating or for sacrifice.
• People with certain skin diseases were said to be “unclean” until they were healed.
• If the Israelites touched something “unclean,” they themselves would be considered unclean for a certain period of time.
• Obeying God’s commands about not touching or eating unclean things kept the Israelites set apart for God’s service.
• This physical and ritual uncleanness was also symbolic of moral uncleanness.
• In another figurative sense, an “unclean spirit” refers to an evil spirit.

Translation Suggestions:

• This term could be translated with the common word for “clean” or “pure” (in the sense of being not dirty).

• Other ways to translate this could include, “ritually clean” or “acceptable to God.”

• “Cleanse” could be translated by “wash” or “purify.”

• Make sure that the words used for “clean” and “cleanse” can also be understood in a figurative sense.

• The term “unclean” could also be translated as “not clean” or “unfit in God’s eyes” or “physically unclean” or “defiled.”

• When referring to a demon as an unclean spirit, “unclean” could be translated as “evil” or “defiled.”

• The translation of this term should allow for spiritual uncleanness. It should be able to refer to anything that God declared as unfit for touching, eating, or sacrifice.

(See also: defile, demon, holy, sacrifice)

Bible References:

• Genesis 7:2
• Genesis 7:8
• Deuteronomy 12:15
• Psalms 51:7
• Proverbs 20:30
• Ezekiel 24:13
• Matthew 23:27
• Luke 5:13
• Acts 8:7
• Acts 10:27-29
• Colossians 3:5
• 1 Thessalonians 4:7
• James 4:8

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1249, H1252, H1305, H2134, H2135, H2141, H2398, H2548, H2834, H2889, H2890, H2891, H2893, H2930, H2931, H2932, H3001, H3722, H5079, H5352, H5355, H5356, H6172, H6565, H6663, H6945, H7137, H8552, H8562, G01670, G01690, G25110, G25120, G25130, G28390, G28400, G33940, G36890

Definition:

The term “compassion” refers to a feeling of concern for people, especially for those who are suffering. A “compassionate” person cares about other people and helps them.

• The word “compassion” refers to caring about people in need, as well as taking action to help them.
• The Bible says that God is compassionate, that is, he is full of love and mercy.

Translation Suggestions:

• Ways of translating “compassion” could include, “deep caring” or “pity” or “helpful mercy.”
• The term “compassionate” could also be translated as “caring and helpful” or “deeply loving and merciful.”

Bible References:

• Daniel 1:8-10
• Hosea 13:14
• James 5:9-11
• Jonah 4:1-3
• Mark 1:41
• Romans 9:14-16

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H2550, H7349, H7355, H7356, G16530, G33560, G36270, G46970, G48340, G48350

Definition:

The terms “condemn” and “condemnation” refer to judging someone for doing something wrong.

• Often the word “condemn” includes punishing that person for what they did wrong.
• Sometimes “condemn” means to falsely accuse someone or to judge someone harshly.
• The term “condemnation” refers to the act of condemning or accusing someone.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, this term could be translated as “harshly judge” or “criticize falsely.”
• The phrase “condemn him” could be translated as “judge that he is guilty” or “state that he must be punished for his sin.”
• The term “condemnation” could be translated as “harsh judging” or “declaring to be guilty” or “punishment of guilt.”

(See also: judge, punish)

Bible References:

• 1 John 3:20
• Job 9:29
• John 5:24
• Luke 6:37
• Matthew 12:7
• Proverbs 17:15-16
• Psalms 34:22
• Romans 5:16

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H6064, H7034, H7561, H8199, G01760, G08430, G26070, G26130, G26310, G26320, G26330, G29170, G29190, G29200, G52720, G60480

Definition:

To confess means to admit or assert that something is true. A “confession” is a statement or admission that something is true.

• The term “confess” can refer to boldly stating the truth about God. It can also refer to admitting that we have sinned.
• The Bible says that if people confess their sins to God, he will forgive them.
• James the apostle wrote in his letter that when believers confess their sins to each other, this brings spiritual healing.
• The apostle Paul wrote to the Philippians that someday everyone will confess or declare that Jesus is Lord.
• Paul also said that if people confess that Jesus is Lord and believe that God raised him from the dead, they will be saved.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, ways to translate “confess” could include, “admit” or “testify” or “declare” or “acknowledge” or “affirm.”
• Different ways to translate “confession” could be, “declaration” or “testimony” or “statement about what we believe” or “admitting sin.”

(See also: faith, testimony)

Bible References:

• 1 John 1:8-10
• 2 John 1:7-8
• James 5:16
• Leviticus 5:5-6
• Matthew 3:4-6
• Nehemiah 1:6-7
• Philippians 2:9-11
• Psalms 38:17-18

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H3034, H8426, G18430, G36700, G36710

Definition:

The conscience is the part of a person’s thinking through which God makes him aware that he is doing something sinful.

• God gave people a conscience to help them know the difference between what is right and what is wrong.
• A person who obeys God is said to have a “pure” or “clear” or “clean” conscience.
• If a person has a “clear conscience” it means that he is not hiding any sin.
• If someone ignores their conscience and no longer feels guilty when he sins, this means his conscience is no longer sensitive to what is wrong. The Bible calls this a “seared” conscience, one that is “branded” as if with a hot iron. Such a conscience is also called “insensitive” and “polluted.”
• Possible ways to translate this term could include, “inner moral guide” or “moral thinking.”

Bible References:

• 1 Timothy 1:19
• 1 Timothy 3:9
• 2 Corinthians 5:11
• 2 Timothy 1:3
• Romans 9:1
• Titus 1:15-16

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G48930

Definition:

To consecrate means to dedicate something or someone to serve God. The person or object that is consecrated is considered holy and set apart for God.

• The meaning of this term is similar to “sanctify” or to “make holy,” but with the added meaning of formally setting apart someone for service to God.
• Things that were consecrated to God included animals to be sacrificed, the altar of burnt offering, and the tabernacle.
• People who were consecrated to God included the priests, the people of Israel, and the oldest male child.
• Sometimes the word “consecrate” has a meaning that is similar to “purify,” especially when it pertains to preparing people or things for God’s service so that they will be cleansed and acceptable to him.

Translation Suggestions:

• Ways to translate “consecrate” could include, “set apart for God’s service” or “purify for service to God.”
• Also consider how the terms “holy” and “sanctify” are translated.

(See also: holy, pure, sanctify)

Bible References:

• 1 Timothy 4:3-5
• 2 Chronicles 13:8-9
• Ezekiel 44:19

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H2763, H3027, H4390, H4394, H5144, H5145, H6942, H6944, G14570, G50480

Definition:

The term “cornerstone” refers to a large stone that has been specially cut and placed in the corner of the foundation of a building.

• All the other stones of the building are measured and placed in relation to the cornerstone.
• It is very important for the strength and stability of the whole structure.
• In the New Testament, the Assembly of believers is metaphorically compared to a building which has Jesus Christ as its “cornerstone.”
• In the same way that the cornerstone of a building supports and determines the position of the whole building, so Jesus Christ is the cornerstone on which the Assembly of believers is founded and supported.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “cornerstone” could also be translated as “main building stone” or “foundation stone.”
• Consider whether the target language has a term for a part of a building’s foundation that is the main support. If so, this term could be used.
• Another way to translate this would be, “a foundation stone used for the corner of a building.”
• It is important to keep the fact that this is a large stone, used as a solid and secure building material. If stones are not used for constructing buildings, there may be another word that could be used that means “large stone” (such as “boulder”) but it should also have the idea of being well-formed and made to fit.

Bible References:

• Acts 4:11
• Ephesians 2:20
• Matthew 21:42
• Psalms 118:22

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0068, H6438, H7218, G02040, G11370, G27760, G30370

Definition:

In the Bible, the term “covenant” refers to a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill.

• This agreement can be between individuals, between groups of people, or between God and people.
• When people make a covenant with each other, they promise that they will do something, and they must do it.
• Examples of human covenants include marriage covenants, business agreements, and treaties between countries.
• Throughout the Bible, God made several different covenants with his people.
• In some of the covenants, God promised to fulfill his part without conditions. For example, when God established his covenant with mankind promising to never destroy the earth again with a worldwide flood, this promise had no conditions for people to fulfill.
• In other covenants, God promised to fulfill his part only if the people obeyed him and fulfilled their part of the covenant.

The term “new covenant” refers to the commitment or agreement God made with his people through the sacrifice of his Son, Jesus.

• God’s “new covenant” was explained in the part of the Bible called the “New Testament.”
• This new covenant is in contrast to the “old” or “former” covenant that God had made with the Israelites in Old Testament times.
• The new covenant is better than the old one because it is based on the sacrifice of Jesus, which completely atoned for people’s sins forever. The sacrifices made under the old covenant did not do this.
• God writes the new covenant on the hearts those who become believers in Jesus. This causes them to want to obey God and to begin to live holy lives.
• The new covenant will be completely fulfilled in the end times when God establishes his reign on earth. Everything will once again be very good, as it was when God first created the world.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, ways to translate this term could include, “binding agreement” or “formal commitment” or “pledge” or “contract.”

• Some languages may have different words for covenant depending on whether one party or both parties have made a promise they must keep. If the covenant is one-sided, it could be translated as “promise” or “pledge.”

• Make sure the translation of this term does not sound like people proposed the covenant. In all cases of covenants between God and people, it was God who initiated the covenant.

• The term “new covenant” could be translated as “new formal agreement” or “new pact” or “new contract.”

• The word “new” in these expressions has the meaning of “fresh” or “new kind of” or “another.”

(See also: covenant, promise)

Bible References:

• Genesis 9:12
• Genesis 17:7
• Genesis 31:44
• Exodus 34:10-11
• Joshua 24:24-26
• 2 Samuel 23:5
• 2 Kings 18:11-12
• Mark 14:24
• Luke 1:73
• Luke 22:20
• Acts 7:8
• 1 Corinthians 11:25-26
• 2 Corinthians 3:6
• Galatians 3:17-18
• Hebrews 12:24

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 4:9 Then God made a covenant with Abram. A covenant is an agreement between two parties.
• 5:4 “I will make Ishmael a great nation, too, but my covenant will be with Isaac.”
• 6:4 After a long time, Abraham died and all of the promises that God had made to him in the covenant were passed on to Isaac.
• 7:10 “The covenant promises God had promised to Abraham and then to Isaac now passed on to Jacob.”
• 13:2 God said to Moses and the people of Israel, “If you will obey my voice and keep my covenant, you will be my prized possession, a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation.”
• 13:4 Then God gave them the covenant and said, “I am Yahweh, your God, who saved you from slavery in Egypt. Do not worship other gods.”
• 15:13 Then Joshua reminded the people of their obligation to obey the covenant that God had made with the Israelites at Sinai.
• 21:5 Through the prophet Jeremiah, God promised that he would make a New Covenant, but not like the covenant God made with Israel at Sinai. In the New Covenant, God would write his law on the people’s hearts, the people would know God personally, they would be his people, and God would forgive their sins. The Messiah would start the New Covenant.
• 21:14 Through the Messiah’s death and resurrection, God would accomplish his plan to save sinners and start the New Covenant.
• 38:5 Then Jesus took a cup and said, “Drink this. It is my blood of the New Covenant that is poured out for the forgiveness of sins. Do this to remember me every time you drink it.”
• 48:11 But God has now made a New Covenant that is available to everyone. Because of this New Covenant, anyone from any people group can become part of God’s people by believing in Jesus.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1285, H2319, H3772, G08020, G12420, G49340

Definition:

In biblical times, the term translated as “covenant faithfulness” was used to describe the kind of faithfulness, loyalty, kindness, and love that was both expected and demonstrated between people who were closely related to one another, either by marriage or by blood. This same term is used often in the Bible to describe the way God relates to his people, especially his commitment to fulfill the promises that he made to them.

• The way this term is translated can depend on how each of the individual terms “covenant” and “faithfulness” are translated.
• Other ways to translate this term might include: “faithful love;” “loyal, committed love;” or “loving dependability.”

(See also: covenant, faithful, grace, Israel, people of God, promise)

Bible References:

• Ezra 3:11
• Numbers 14:18

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H2617

Definition:

In Bible times, a cross was an upright wooden post stuck into the ground, with a horizontal wooden beam attached to it near the top.

• During the time of the Roman Empire, the Roman government would execute criminals by tying or nailing them to a cross and leaving them there to die.
• Jesus was falsely accused of crimes he did not commit and the Romans put him to death on a cross.
• Note that this is a completely different word from the verb “cross” that means to go over to the other side of something, such as a river or lake.

Translation Suggestions:

• This term could be translated using a term in the target language that refers to the shape of a cross.
• Consider describing the cross as something on which people were killed, using phrases such as “execution post” or “tree of death.”
• Also consider how this word is translated in a Bible translation in a local or national language. (See: How to Translate Unknowns

(See also: crucify, Rome)

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 1:17
• Colossians 2:15
• Galatians 6:12
• John 19:18
• Luke 9:23
• Luke 23:26
• Matthew 10:38
• Philippians 2:8

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 40:1 After the soldiers mocked Jesus, they led him away to crucify him. They made him carry the cross on which he would die.
• 40:2 The soldiers brought Jesus to a place called “the Skull” and nailed his arms and feet to the cross.
• 40:5 The Jewish leaders and the other people in the crowd mocked Jesus. They said to him, “If you are the Son of God, come down from the cross and save yourself! Then we will believe you.”
• 49:10 When Jesus died on the cross, he received your punishment.
• 49:12 You must believe that Jesus is the Son of God, that he died on the cross instead of you, and that God raised him to life again.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G47160

Definition:

The term “crucify” means to execute someone by attaching him to a cross and leaving him there to suffer and die in great pain.

• The victim was either tied to the cross or nailed to it. Crucified people died from blood loss or from suffocation.
• The ancient Roman Empire frequently used this method of execution to punish and kill people who were terrible criminals or who had rebelled against the authority of their government.
• The Jewish religious leaders asked the Roman governor to order his soldiers to crucify Jesus. The soldiers nailed Jesus to a cross. He suffered there for six hours, and then died.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “crucify” could be translated as “kill on a cross” or “execute by nailing to a cross.”

(See also: cross, Rome)

Bible References:

• Acts 2:23
• Galatians 2:20-21
• Luke 23:20-22
• Luke 23:34
• Matthew 20:17-19
• Matthew 27:23-24

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 39:11 But the Jewish leaders and the crowd shouted, “Crucify him (Jesus)!”
• 39:12 Pilate became afraid that the crowd would begin to riot, so he ordered his soldiers to crucify Jesus.played a major role in the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
• 40:1 After the soldiers mocked Jesus, they led him away to crucify him. They made him carry the cross on which he would die.
• 40:4 Jesus was crucified between two robbers.
• 43:6 “Men of Israel, Jesus was a man who did many mighty signs and wonders by the power of God, as you have seen and already know. But you crucified him!”
• 43:9 “You crucified this man, Jesus.”
• 44:8 Peter answered them, “This man stands before you healed by the power of Jesus the Messiah. You crucified Jesus, but God raised him to life again!”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G03880, G43620, G47170, G49570

Definition:

The term “curse” means to cause negative things to happen to the person or thing that is being cursed.

• A curse can be a statement that harm will happen to someone or something.
• To curse someone can also be an expression of desire that bad things will happen to them.
• It can also refer to the punishment or other negative things that someone causes to happen to someone.

Translation Suggestions:

• This term could be translated as “cause bad things to happen to” or “declare that something bad will happen to” or “swear to cause evil things to happen to.”
• In the context of God sending curses on his disobedient people, it could be translated as “punish by allowing bad things to happen.”
• The term “cursed” when used to describe people could be translated as “(this person) will experience much trouble.”
• The phrase “cursed be” could be translated as “May (this person) experience great difficulties.”
• The phrase, “Cursed is the ground” could be translated as “The soil will not be very fertile.”
• However, if the target language has the phrase “cursed be” and it has the same meaning, then it is good to keep the same phrase.

(See also: bless)

Bible References:

• 1 Samuel 14:24-26
• 2 Peter 2:12-14
• Galatians 3:10
• Galatians 3:14
• Genesis 3:14
• Genesis 3:17
• James 3:10
• Numbers 22:6
• Psalms 109:28

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 2:9 God said to the snake, “You are cursed!”
• 2:11 “Now the ground is cursed, and you will need to work hard to grow food.”
• 4:4 “I will bless those who bless you and curse those who curse you.”
• 39:7 Then Peter vowed, saying, “May God curse me if I know this man!”
• 50:16 Because Adam and Eve disobeyed God and brought sin into this world, God cursed it and decided to destroy it.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0422, H0423, H0779, H1288, H2763, H2764, H3994, H5344, H6895, H7043, H7045, H7621, H8381, G03310, G03320, G06850, G19440, G25510, G26520, G26530, G26710, G26720, G60350

Definition:

“Daughter of Zion” is a figurative way of referring to the people of Israel. It is usually used in prophecies.

• In the Old Testament, “Zion” is often used as another name for the city of Jerusalem.
• Both “Zion” and “Jerusalem” are also used to refer to Israel.
• The term “Daughter” is a term of endearment or affection. It is a metaphor for the patience and care that God has for his people.

Translation Suggestions:

• Ways to translate this could include “my daughter Israel, from Zion” or “people from Zion, who are like a daughter to me” or “Zion, my dear people Israel.”
• It is best to keep the term “Zion” in this expression since it is used many times in the Bible. A note could be included in the translation to explain its figurative meaning and prophetic use.
• It is also better to keep the term “Daughter” in the translation of this expression, as long as it is understood correctly.

(See also: Jerusalem, prophet, Zion)

Bible References:

• Jeremiah 6:2
• John 12:15
• Matthew 21:5

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1323, H6726

Definition:

The term “day of judgment” refers to a future time when God will judge every person.

• God has made his Son, Jesus Christ, the judge of all people.
• On the day of judgment, Christ will judge people on the basis of his righteous character.

Translation Suggestions:

• This term could also be translated as “judgment time” since it could refer to more than one day.
• Other ways to translate this term could include “the end time when God will judge all people.”
• Some translations capitalize this term to show that it is the name of a special day or time: “Judgment Day” or “Judgment Time.”

(See also: judge, Jesus, heaven, hell)

Bible References:

• Luke 10:12
• Luke 11:31
• Luke 11:32
• Matthew 10:15
• Matthew 12:36

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H2962, H3117, H4941, G22500, G29200, G29620

Description:

The Old Testament term “day of Yahweh” is used to refer to a future time when God will punish people for their sin.

• The Old Testament term “day of Yahweh” is an expression that many of the prophets use.
• The New Testament term “day of the Lord” usually refers to the day or time when the Lord Jesus will come back to judge people at the end of time.
• This final, future time of judgment and resurrection is also sometimes referred to as the “last day.” This time will begin when the Lord Jesus comes back to judge sinners and will permanently establish his rule.
• The word “day” in these phrases may sometimes refer to a literal day or it may refer to a “time” or “occasion” that is longer than a day.
• Sometimes the punishment is referred to as a “pouring out of God’s wrath” upon those who do not believe.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, other ways to translate “day of Yahweh” could include “time of Yahweh” or “time when Yahweh will punish his enemies” or “time of Yahweh’s wrath.”
• Other ways to translate “day of the Lord” could include “time of the Lord’s judgment” or “time when the Lord Jesus will return to judge people.”

(See also: day, judgment day, Lord, resurrection, Yahweh)

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 5:5
• 1 Thessalonians 5:2
• 2 Peter 3:10
• 2 Thessalonians 2:2
• Acts 2:20-21
• Philippians 1:9-11

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H3068, H3117, G22500, G29620

Definition:

A deacon is a person who serves in the local church, helping fellow believers with practical needs, such as food or money.

• The word “deacon” is taken directly from a Greek word meaning “servant” or “minister.”
• From the time of the early Christians, being a deacon has been a well-defined role and ministry in the Church body.
• For example, in the New Testament, deacons would make sure that whatever money or food that the believers shared would be distributed fairly to the widows among them.
• The term “deacon” could also be translated as “church minister” or “church worker” or “church servant,” or some other phrase that shows that the person has been formally appointed to do specific tasks that benefit the local Christian community.

(See also: minister, servant)

Bible References:

• 1 Timothy 3:10
• 1 Timothy 3:13
• Philippians 1:1

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G12490

Definition:

All these terms refer to demons, which are spirit beings that oppose God’s will.

• God created angels to serve him. When the devil rebelled against God, some of the angels also rebelled and were thrown out of heaven. It is believed that demons and evil spirits are these “fallen angels.”
• Sometimes these demons are called “unclean spirits.” The term “unclean” means “impure” or “evil” or “unholy.”
• Because demons serve the devil, they do evil things. Sometimes they live inside people and control them.
• Demons are more powerful than human beings, but not as powerful as God.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “demon” could also be translated as “evil spirit.”
• The term “unclean spirit” could also be translated as “impure spirit” or “corrupt spirit” or “evil spirit.”
• Make sure that the word or phrase used to translate this term is different from the term used to refer to the devil.
• Also consider how the term “demon” is translated in a local or national language. (See: How to Translate Unknowns

(See also: demon-possessed, Satan, false god, angel, evil, clean)

Bible References:

• James 2:19
• James 3:15
• Luke 4:36
• Mark 3:22
• Matthew 4:24

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 26:9 Many people who had demons in them were brought to Jesus. When Jesus commanded them, the demons came out of the people, and often shouted, “You are the Son of God!”
• 32:8 The demons came out of the man and entered the pigs.
• 47:5 Finally one day when the slave girl started yelling, Paul turned to her and said to the demon that was in her, “In the name of Jesus, come out of her.” Right away the demon left her.
• 49:2 He (Jesus) walked on water, calmed storms, healed many sick people, drove out demons, raised the dead to life, and turned five loaves of bread and two small fish into enough food for over 5,000 people.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H2932, H7307, H7451, H7700, G01690, G11390, G11400, G11410, G11420, G41900, G41510, G41520, G41890

Definition:

A person who is demon-possessed has a demon or evil spirit that controls what he does and thinks.

• Often a demon-possessed person will hurt himself or other people because the demon causes him to do that.
• Jesus healed demon-possessed people by commanding the demons to come out of them. This is often called “casting out” demons.

Translation Suggestions:

• Other ways to translate this term could include “demon-controlled” or “controlled by an evil spirit” or “having an evil spirit living inside.”

(See also: demon)

Bible References:

• Mark 1:32
• Matthew 4:24
• Matthew 8:16
• Matthew 8:33

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 26:9 Many people who had demons in them were brought to Jesus.
• 32:2 When they reached the other side of the lake, a demon-possessed man came running up to Jesus.
• 32:6 The man with the demon cried out in a loud voice, “What do you want with me, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? Please do not torture me!”
• 32:9 The people from the town came and saw the man who used to have the demons.
• 47:3 Every day as they (Paul and Silas) walked there, a slave girl possessed by a demon followed them.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G11390

Definition:

The term “disciple” refers to a person who spends much time with a teacher, learning from that teacher’s character and teaching.

• The people who followed Jesus around, listening to his teachings and obeying them, were called his “disciples.”
• John the Baptist also had disciples.
• During Jesus’ ministry, there were many disciples who followed him and heard his teachings.
• Jesus chose twelve disciples to be his closest followers; these men became known as his “apostles.”
• Jesus’ twelve apostles continued to be known as his “disciples” or “the 12.”
• Just before Jesus went up to heaven, he commanded his disciples to teach other people about how to become Jesus’ disciples, too.
• Anyone who believes in Jesus and obeys his teachings is called a disciple of Jesus.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “disciple” could be translated by a word or phrase that means “follower” or “student” or “pupil” or “learner.”
• Make sure that the translation of this term does not refer only to a student who learns in a classroom.
• The translation of this term should also be different from the translation of “apostle.”

(See also: apostle, believe, Jesus, John (the Baptist), the twelve)

Bible References:

• Acts 6:1
• Acts 9:26-27
• Acts 11:26
• Acts 14:22
• John 13:23
• Luke 6:40
• Matthew 11:3
• Matthew 26:33-35
• Matthew 27:64

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 30:8 He (Jesus) gave the pieces to his disciples to give to the people. The disciples kept passing out the food, and it never ran out!
• 38:1 About three years after Jesus first began preaching and teaching publicly, Jesus told his disciples that he wanted to celebrate this Passover with them in Jerusalem, and that he would be killed there.
• 38:11 Then Jesus went with his disciples to a place called Gethsemane. Jesus told his disciples to pray that they would not enter into temptation.
• 42:10 Jesus said to his disciples, “All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. So go, make disciples of all people groups by baptizing them in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, and by teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H3928, G31000, G31010, G31020

Definition:

The term “divine” refers to anything pertaining to God.

• Some ways this term is used include “divine authority,” “divine judgment,” “divine nature,” “divine power,” and “divine glory.”
• In one passage in the Bible, the term “divine” is used to describe something about a false deity.

Translation Suggestions:

• Ways to translate the term “divine” could include “God’s” or “from God” or “pertaining to God” or “characterized by God.”
• For example, “divine authority” could be translated as “God’s authority” or “authority that comes from God.”
• The phrase “divine glory” could be translated as “God’s glory” or “the glory that God has” or “glory that comes from God.”
• Some translations may prefer to use a different word when describing something that pertains to a false god.

(See also: authority, false god, glory, God, judge, power)

Bible References:

• 2 Corinthians 10:3-4
• 2 Peter 1:4
• Romans 1:20

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G23040, G29990

Definition:

The term “dominion” refers to power, control, or authority over people, animals, or land.

• Jesus Christ is said to have dominion over all the earth, as prophet, priest, and king.
• Satan’s dominion has been defeated forever by Jesus Christ’s death on the cross.
• At creation, God said that man is to have dominion over fish, birds, and all creatures on the earth.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, other ways to translate this term could include “authority” or “power” or “control.”
• The phrase “have dominion over” could be translated as “rule over” or “manage.”

(See also: authority, power)

Bible References:

• 1 Peter 5:10-11
• Colossians 1:13
• Jude 1:25

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1166, H4474, H4475, H4896, H4910, H4915, H7287, H7300, H7980, H7985, G26340, G29040, G29610, G29630

Definition:

An ephod was an apron-like garment worn by the Israelite priests. It had two parts, front and back, that were joined together at the shoulders and tied around the waist with a cloth belt.

• One kind of ephod was made of plain linen and was worn by the ordinary priests.
• The ephod worn by the high priest was specially embroidered with gold, blue, purple, and red yarn.
• The breastpiece of the high priest was attached to the front of the ephod. Behind the breastpiece were stored the Urim and Thummim, which were stones used for asking God what his will was in certain matters.
• The judge Gideon foolishly made an ephod out of gold and it became something that the Israelites worshiped as an idol.

(See also: priest)

Bible References:

• 1 Samuel 2:18-19
• Exodus 28:4-5
• Hosea 3:4
• Judges 8:27
• Leviticus 8:7

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0641, H0642, H0646

Definition:

The terms “everlasting” and “eternal” have very similar meanings and refer to something that will always exist or that lasts forever.

• The term “eternity” refers to a state of being that has no beginning or end. It can also refer to life that never ends.
• After this present life on earth, humans will spend eternity either in heaven with God or in hell apart from God.
• The terms “eternal life” and “everlasting life” are used in the New Testament to refer to living forever with God in heaven.

The term “forever” refers to never-ending time.

• The phrase “forever and ever” has the idea of time that never ends and expresses what eternity or eternal life is like. It emphasizes that something will always happen or exist. It refers to time that never ends.
• God said that David’s throne would last “forever.” This is referred to the fact that David’s descendant Jesus will reign as king forever.

Translation Suggestions:

• Other ways to translate “eternal” or “everlasting” could include “unending” or “never stopping” or “always continuing.”

• The terms “eternal life” and “everlasting life” could also be translated as “life that never ends” or “life that continues without stopping” or “the raising up of our bodies to live forever.”

• Depending on the context, different ways to translate “eternity” could include “existing outside of time” or “unending life” or “life in heaven.”

• Also consider how this word is translated in a Bible translation in a local or national language. (See: How to Translate Unknowns

• “Forever” could also be translated by “always” or “never ending.”

• The phrase “will last forever” could also be translated as “always exist” or “will never stop” or “will always continue.”

• The emphatic phrase “forever and ever” could also be translated as “for always and always” or “not ever ending” or “which never, ever ends.”

• David’s throne lasting forever could be translated as “David’s descendant will reign forever” or “a descendant of David will always be reigning.”

(See also: David, reign, life)

Bible References:

• Genesis 17:8
• Genesis 48:4
• Exodus 15:17
• 2 Samuel 3:28-30
• 1 Kings 2:32-33
• Job 4:20-21
• Psalms 21:4
• Isaiah 9:6-7
• Isaiah 40:27-28
• Daniel 7:18
• Luke 18:18
• Acts 13:46
• Romans 5:21
• Hebrews 6:19-20
• Hebrews 10:11-14
• 1 John 1:2
• 1 John 5:12
• Revelation 1:4-6
• Revelation 22:3-5

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 27:1 One day, an expert in the Jewish law came to Jesus to test him, saying, “Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life?”
• 28:1 One day, a rich young ruler came up to Jesus and asked him, “Good Teacher, what must I do to have eternal life?” Jesus said to him, “Why do you ask me about what is good? There is only One who is good, and that is God. But if you want to have eternal life, obey God’s laws.”
• 28:10 Jesus answered, “Everyone who has left houses, brothers, sisters, father, mother, children, or property for my name’s sake, will receive 100 times more and will also receive eternal life.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H3117, H4481, H5331, H5703, H5705, H5769, H5865, H5957, H6924, G01260, G01650, G01660, G13360

Definition:

Usually the term “eunuch” refers to a man who has been castrated. The term later became a general term to refer to any government official, even those without the deformity.

• Jesus said that some eunuchs were born that way, perhaps because of damaged sex organs or because of not being able to function sexually. Others chose to live like eunuchs in a celibate lifestyle.
• In ancient times, eunuchs were often kings’ servants who were set as guards over the women’s quarters.
• Some eunuchs were important government officials, such as the Ethiopian eunuch who met the apostle Philip in the desert.

(See also: Philip)

Bible References:

• Acts 8:27
• Acts 8:36
• Acts 8:39
• Isaiah 39:7-8
• Jeremiah 34:17-19
• Matthew 19:12

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H5631, G21340, G21350

Definition:

An “evangelist” is a person who tells other people the good news about Jesus Christ.

• The literal meaning of “evangelist” is “someone who preaches the good news.”
• Jesus sent his apostles out to spread the good news about how to be part of God’s kingdom through trusting in Jesus and his sacrifice for sin.
• All Christians are exhorted to share this good news.
• Some Christians are given a special spiritual gift to effectively tell the gospel to others. These people are said to have the gift of evangelism and are called “evangelists.”

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “evangelist” could be translated as “someone who preaches the good news” or “teacher of the good news” or “person who proclaims the good news (about Jesus)” or “good news proclaimer.”

(See also: good news, spirit, gift)

Bible References:

• 2 Timothy 4:5
• Ephesians 4:11-13

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G20990

Definition:

In the Bible, the term “evil” can refer either to the concept of moral wickedness or emotional unpleasantness. The context will usually make it clear which meaning is intended in the specific instance of the term.

• While “evil” may describe a person’s character, “wicked” may refer more to a person’s behavior. However, both terms are very similar in meaning.
• The term “wickedness” refers to the state of being that exists when people do wicked things.
• The results of evil are clearly shown in how people mistreat others by killing, stealing, slandering and being cruel and unkind.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, the terms “evil” and “wicked” can be translated as “bad” or “sinful” or “immoral.”
• Other ways to translate these could include “not good” or “not righteous” or “not moral.”
• Make sure the words or phrases that are used to translate these terms fit the context that is natural in the target language.

(See also: disobey, sin, good, righteous, demon)

Bible References:

• 1 Samuel 24:11
• 1 Timothy 6:10
• 3 John 1:10
• Genesis 2:17
• Genesis 6:5-6
• Job 1:1
• Job 8:20
• Judges 9:57
• Luke 6:22-23
• Matthew 7:11-12
• Proverbs 3:7
• Psalms 22:16-17

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 2:4 “God just knows that as soon as you eat it, you will be like God and will understand good and evil like he does.”
• 3:1 After a long time, many people were living in the world. They had become very wicked and violent.
• 3:2 But Noah found favor with God. He was a righteous man living among wicked people.
• 4:2 God saw that if they all kept working together to do evil, they could do many more sinful things.
• 8:12 “You tried to do evil when you sold me as a slave, but God used the evil for good!”
• 14:2 They (Canaanites) worshiped false gods and did many evil things.
• 17:1 But then he (Saul) became a wicked man who did not obey God, so God chose a different man who would one day be king in his place.
• 18:11 In the new kingdom of Israel, all the kings were evil.
• 29:8 The king was so angry that he threw the wicked servant into prison until he could pay back all of his debt.
• 45:2 They said, “We heard him (Stephen) speak evil things about Moses and God!”
• 50:17 He (Jesus) will wipe away every tear and there will be no more suffering, sadness, crying, evil, pain, or death.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0205, H0605, H1100, H1681, H1942, H2154, H2162, H2254, H2617, H3399, H3415, H4209, H4849, H5753, H5766, H5767, H5999, H6001, H6090, H7451, H7455, H7489, H7561, H7562, H7563, H7564, G00920, G01130, G04590, G09320, G09870, G09880, G14260, G25490, G25510, G25540, G25550, G25560, G25570, G25590, G25600, G26350, G26360, G41510, G41890, G41900, G41910, G53370

Definition:

To exalt is to highly praise and honor someone. It can also mean to put someone in a high position.

• In the Bible, the term “exalt” is most often used for exalting God.
• When a person exalts himself, it means he is thinking about himself in a proud or arrogant way.

Translation Suggestions:

• Ways to translate “exalt” could include “highly praise” or “honor greatly” or “extol” or “speak highly of.”
• In some contexts it could be translated by a word or phrase that means “put in a higher position” or “give more honor to” or “talk about proudly.”
• “Do not exalt yourself” could also be translated as “Do not think of yourself too highly” or “Do not brag about yourself.”
• “Those that exalt themselves” could also be translated as “Those who think proudly about themselves” or “Those who boast about themselves.”

(See also: praise, worship, glory, boast, proud)

Bible References:

• 1 Peter 5:5-7
• 2 Samuel 22:47
• Acts 5:31
• Philippians 2:9-11
• Psalms 18:46

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1361, H4984, H5375, H5549, H5927, H7311, H7426, H7682, G18690, G52290, G52510, G53110, G53120

Definition:

The term “exhort” means to strongly encourage and urge someone to do what is right. Such encouragement is called “exhortation.”

• The purpose of exhortation is to persuade other people to avoid sin and follow God’s will.
• The New Testament teaches Christians to exhort each other in love, not harshly or abruptly.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, “exhort” could also be translated as “strongly urge” or “persuade” or “advise.”
• Make sure the translation of this term does not imply that the exhorter is angry. The term should convey strength and seriousness, but should not refer to angry speech.
• In most contexts, the term “exhort” should be translated differently than “encourage,” which means to inspire, reassure, or comfort someone.
• Usually this term will also be translated differently from “admonish,” which means to warn or correct someone for his wrong behavior.

Bible References:

• 1 Thessalonians 2:3-4
• 1 Thessalonians 2:12
• 1 Timothy 5:2
• Luke 3:18

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G38670, G38700, G38740, G43890

Definition:

In general, the term “faith” refers to a belief, trust or confidence in someone or something.

• To “have faith” in someone is to believe that what he says and does is true and trustworthy.
• To “have faith in Jesus” means to believe all of God’s teachings about Jesus. It especially means that people trust in Jesus and his sacrifice to cleanse them from their sin and to rescue them from the punishment they deserve because of their sin.
• True faith or belief in Jesus will cause a person to produce good spiritual fruits or behaviors because the Holy Spirit is living in him.
• Sometimes “faith” refers generally to all the teachings about Jesus, as in the expression “the truths of the faith.”
• In contexts such as “keep the faith” or “abandon the faith,” the term “faith” refers to the state or condition of believing all the teachings about Jesus.

Translation Suggestions:

• In some contexts, “faith” can be translated as “belief” or “conviction” or “confidence” or “trust.”
• For some languages these terms will be translated using forms of the verb “believe.” (See: abstractnouns
• The expression “keep the faith” could be translated by “keep believing in Jesus” or “continue to believe in Jesus.”
• The sentence “they must keep hold of the deep truths of the faith” could be translated by “they must keep believing all the true things about Jesus that they have been taught.”
• The expression “my true son in the faith” could be translated by something like “who is like a son to me because I taught him to believe in Jesus” or “my true spiritual son, who believes in Jesus.”

(See also: believe, faithful)

Bible References:

• 2 Timothy 4:7
• Acts 6:7
• Galatians 2:20-21
• James 2:20

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 5:6 When Isaac was a young man, God tested Abraham’s faith by saying, “Take Isaac, your only son, and kill him as a sacrifice to me.”
• 31:7 Then he (Jesus) said to Peter, “You man of little faith, why did you doubt?”
• 32:16 Jesus said to her, “Your faith has healed you. Go in peace.”
• 38:9 Then Jesus said to Peter, “Satan wants to have all of you, but I have prayed for you, Peter, that your faith will not fail.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0529, H0530, G16800, G36400, G41020, G60660

Definition:

To be “faithful” to God means to consistently live according to God’s teachings. It means to be loyal to him by obeying him. The state or condition of being faithful is “faithfulness.”

• A person who is faithful can be trusted to always keep his promises and to always fulfill his responsibilities to other people.
• A faithful person perseveres in doing a task, even when it is long and difficult.
• Faithfulness to God is the consistent practice of doing what God wants us to do.

Translation Suggestions:

• In many contexts, “faithful” can be translated as “loyal” or “dedicated” or “dependable.”
• In other contexts, “faithful” can be translated by a word or phrase that means “continuing to believe” or “persevering in believing and obeying God.”
• Ways that “faithfulness” could be translated could include “persevering in believing” or “loyalty” or “trustworthiness” or “believing and obeying God.”

(See also: believe, faith, believe)

Bible References:

• Genesis 24:49
• Leviticus 26:40
• Numbers 12:7
• Joshua 2:14
• Judges 2:16-17
• 1 Samuel 2:9
• Psalm 12:1
• Proverbs 11:12-13
• Isaiah 1:26
• Jeremiah 9:7-9
• Hosea 5:7
• Luke 12:46
• Luke 16:10
• Colossians 1:7
• 1 Thessalonians 5:24
• 3 John 1:5

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 8:5 Even in prison, Joseph remained faithful to God, and God blessed him.
• 14:12 Even so, God was still faithful to His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
• 15:13 The people promised to remain faithful to God and follow his laws.
• 17:9 David ruled with justice and faithfulness for many years, and God blessed him. However, toward the end of his life he sinned terribly against God.
• 35:12 “The older son said to his father, ‘All these years I have worked faithfully for you!’”
• 49:17 But God is faithful and says that if you confess your sins, he will forgive you.
• 50:4 “If you remain faithful to me to the end, then God will save you.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0529, H0530, H0539, H0540, H0571, H0898, H2181, H4603, H4604, H4820, G05690, G05710, G41030

Definition:

The term “faithless” means to not have faith or to not believe.

• This word is used to describe people who do not believe in God. Their lack of belief is seen by the immoral way they act.
• The prophet Jeremiah accused Israel of being faithless and disobedient to God.
• They worshiped idols and followed other ungodly customs of people groups who did not worship or obey God.

The term “unfaithful” describes people who do not do what God has commanded them to do. The condition or practice of being unfaithful is “unfaithfulness.”

• The people of Israel were called “unfaithful” when they began to worship idols and when they disobeyed God in other ways.
• In marriage, someone who commits adultery is “unfaithful” to his or her spouse.
• God used the term “unfaithfulness” to describe Israel’s disobedient behavior. They were not obeying God or honoring him.

Translation Suggestions

• Depending on the context, the term “faithless” could be translated as “unfaithful” or “unbelieving” or “disobedient to God” or “not believing.”
• The term “faithlessness” could be translated as “unbelief” or “unfaithfulness” or “rebellion against God.”
• The phrase “the unfaithful” could be translated as “people who are not faithful (to God)” or “unfaithful people” or “those who disobey God” or “people who rebel against God.”
• In some languages, the term “unfaithful” is related to the word for “unbelief.”

(See also: How to Translate Names

(See also: believe, faithful, disobey, adultery)

Bible References:

• Ezekiel 43:6-8
• Ezra 9:1-2
• Jeremiah 2:19
• Proverbs 2:22
• Revelation 21:7-8

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G05710

Definition:

The term “favor” generally means approval. Someone who favors another person regards that person positively and approves of them.

• Jesus grew up “in favor with” God and men. This means that both God and others approved of his character and behavior.
• The expression “find favor” with someone means that someone is approved of by that person.
• When a king shows favor to someone, it often means that he approves of that person’s request and grants it.
• A “favor” can also be a gesture or action towards or for another person for their benefit.
• The term “favoritism” means an attitude of acting favorably toward some people but not others. It means the inclination to pick one person over another or one thing over another because the person or item is preferred. Generally, favoritism is considered unfair.

Translation Suggestions:

• Other ways to translate the term “favor” could include “approval” or “blessing” or “benefit.”
• The “favorable year of Yahweh” could be translated as “the year (or time) when Yahweh will bring great blessing.”
• The term “favoritism” could be translated as “partiality” or “being prejudiced” or “unjust treatment.” This word is related to the word “favorite,” which means to prefer above all others.

Bible References:

• 1 Samuel 2:25-26
• 2 Chronicles 19:7
• 2 Corinthians 1:11
• Acts 24:27
• Genesis 41:16
• Genesis 47:25
• Genesis 50:5

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0995, H1156, H1293, H1779, H1921, H2580, H2603, H2896, H5278, H5375, H5414, H5922, H6213, H6437, H6440, H7521, H7522, H7965, G11840, G36850, G43800, G43820, G54850, G54860

Definition:

The terms “fear” often refers to the unpleasant emotion a person feels when experiencing a potential threat to their safety or well-being. In the Bible, however, the term “fear” can also mean an attitude of worship, respect, awe, or obedience toward another person, usually someone powerful such as God or a king.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, the term “fear” can be translated in various ways. Some possibilities include: “be afraid;” “deeply respect,” or “deep respect;” “revere,” or “reverence;” or perhaps “be in awe of.”
• The sentence “The fear of God fell on all of them” might be translated in various ways. Some possibilities include: “Suddenly they all felt a deep awe and respect for God;” or “Immediately, they all felt very amazed and revered God deeply;” or “Right then, they all felt very afraid of God (because of his great power).”
• The phrase “fear Yahweh” could be translated as “reverence Yahweh” or “deeply respect Yahweh.”
• The phrase “fear not” could also be translated as “do not be afraid” or “stop being afraid.”

(See also: awe, Yahweh, Lord, marvel, power)

Bible References:

• 1 John 4:18
• Acts 2:43
• Acts 19:15-17
• Genesis 50:21
• Isaiah 11:3-5
• Job 6:14
• Jonah 1:9
• Luke 12:5
• Matthew 10:28
• Proverbs 10:24-25

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0367, H0926, H1204, H1481, H1672, H1674, H1763, H2119, H2296, H2727, H2729, H2730, H2731, H2844, H2849, H2865, H3016, H3025, H3068, H3372, H3373, H3374, H4032, H4034, H4035, H4116, H4172, H6206, H6342, H6343, H6345, H6427, H7264, H7267, H7297, H7374, H7461, H7493, H8175, G08700, G11670, G11680, G11690, G16300, G17190, G21240, G21250, G29620, G53980, G53990, G54000, G54010

Definition:

In general, the term “fellowship” refers to friendly interactions between members of a group of people who share similar interests and experiences.

• In the Bible, the term “fellowship” usually refers to the unity of believers in Christ.
• Christian fellowship is a shared relationship that believers have with one another through their relationship with Christ and the Holy Spirit.
• The early Christians expressed their fellowship through listening to the teaching of God’s Word and praying together, through the sharing of their belongings, and through eating meals together.
• Christians also have fellowship with God through their faith in Jesus and his sacrificial death on the cross which removed the barrier between God and people.

Translation Suggestions:

• Ways to translate “fellowship” could include “a sharing together” or “relationship” or “companionship” or “Christian community.”

Bible References:

• 1 John 1:3
• Acts 2:40-42
• Philippians 1:3-6
• Philippians 2:1
• Philippians 3:10
• Psalms 55:12-14

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H2266, H8667, G28420, G28440, G33520, G47900

Definition:

The term “fool” refers to a person who often makes wrong choices, especially choosing to disobey. The term “foolish” describes a person or behavior that is not wise.

• In the Bible, the term “fool” usually refers to a person who does not believe or obey God. This is often contrasted to the wise person, who trusts in God and obeys God.
• In the Psalms, David describes a fool as a person who does not believe in God, one who ignores all the evidence of God in his creation.
• The Old Testament book of Proverbs also gives many descriptions of what a fool, or foolish person, is like.
• The term “folly” refers to an action that is not wise because it is against God’s will. Often “folly” also includes the meaning of something that is ridiculous or dangerous.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “fool” could be translated as “foolish person” or “unwise person” or “senseless person” or “ungodly person.”
• Ways to translate “foolish” could include “lacking understanding” or “unwise” or “senseless.”

(See also: wise)

Bible References:

• Ecclesiastes 1:17
• Ephesians 5:15
• Galatians 3:3
• Genesis 31:28
• Matthew 7:26
• Matthew 25:8
• Proverbs 13:16
• Psalms 49:13

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0191, H0196, H0200, H1198, H1984, H2973, H3684, H3687, H3688, H3689, H3690, H5014, H5034, H5036, H5039, H5528, H5529, H5530, H5531, H6612, H8417, H8602, H8604, G04530, G04540, G07810, G08010, G08770, G08780, G27570, G31500, G31540, G34710, G34720, G34730, G34740, G39120

Definition:

To forgive someone means to not hold a grudge against that person even though they did something hurtful. “Forgiveness” is the act of forgiving someone.

• Forgiving someone often means not punishing that person for something he has done wrong.
• This term can be used figuratively to mean “cancel,” as in the expression “forgive a debt.”
• When people confess their sins, God forgives them based on Jesus’ sacrificial death on the cross.
• Jesus taught his disciples to forgive others as he has forgiven them.

The term “pardon” means to forgive and not punish someone for his sin.

• This word has the same meaning as “forgive” but may also include the meaning of a formal decision to not punish someone who is guilty.
• In a court of law, a judge can pardon a person found guilty of a crime.
• Even though we are guilty of sin, Jesus Christ pardoned us from being punished in hell, based on his sacrificial death on the cross.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, “forgive” could be translated as “pardon” or “cancel” or “release” or “not hold against” (someone).
• The term “forgiveness” could be translated by a word or phrase that means “practice of not resenting” or “declaring (someone) as not guilty” or “the act of pardoning.”
• If the language has a word for a formal decision to forgive, that word could be used to translate “pardon.”

(See also: guilt)

Bible References:

• Genesis 50:17
• Numbers 14:17-19
• Deuteronomy 29:20-21
• Joshua 24:19-20
• 2 Kings 5:17-19
• Psalms 25:11
• Psalms 25:17-19
• Isaiah 55:6-7
• Isaiah 40:2
• Luke 5:21
• Acts 8:22
• Ephesians 4:31-32
• Colossians 3:12-14
• 1 John 2:12

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 7:10 But Esau had already forgiven Jacob, and they were happy to see each other again.
• 13:15 Then Moses climbed the mountain again and prayed that God would forgive the people. God listened to Moses and forgave them.
• 17:13 David repented of his sin and God forgave him.
• 21:5 In the New Covenant, God would write his law on the people’s hearts, the people would know God personally, they would be his people, and God would forgive their sins.
• 29:1 One day Peter asked Jesus, “Master, how many times should I forgive my brother when he sins against me?”
• 29:8 I forgave your debt because you begged me.
• 38:5 Then Jesus took a cup and said, “Drink this. It is my blood of the New Covenant that is poured out for the forgiveness of sins.”

Word Data:

• H5546, H5547, H3722, H5375, H5545, H5547, H7521, G85900, G86300, G54830

Definition:

The term “fulfill” means to complete or accomplish something that was expected.

• When a prophecy is fulfilled, it means that God causes to happen what was predicted in the prophecy.
• If a person fulfills a promise or a vow, it means that he does what he has promised to do.
• To fulfill a responsibility means to do the task that was assigned or required.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, “fulfill” could be translated as “accomplish” or “complete” or “cause to happen” or “obey” or “perform.”
• The phrase “has been fulfilled” could also be translated as “has come true” or “has happened” or “has taken place.”
• Ways to translate “fulfill,” as in “fulfill your ministry,” could include “complete” or “perform” or “practice” or “serve other people as God has called you to do.”

(See also: prophet, Christ, minister, call)

Bible References:

• 1 Kings 2:27
• Acts 3:17-18
• Leviticus 22:17-19
• Luke 4:21
• Matthew 1:22-23
• Matthew 5:17
• Psalms 116:12-15

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 24:4 John fulfilled what the prophets said, “See I send my messenger ahead of you, who will prepare your way.”
• 40:3 The soldiers gambled for Jesus’ clothing. When they did this, they fulfilled a prophecy that said, “They divided my garments among them, and gambled for my clothing.”
• 42:7 Jesus said, “I told you that everything written about me in God’s word must be fulfilled.”
• 43:5 “This fulfills the prophecy made by the prophet Joel in which God said, ‘In the last days, I will pour out my Spirit.’”
• 43:7 “This fulfills the prophecy which says, ‘You will not let your Holy One rot in the grave.’”
• 44:5 “Although you did not understand what you were doing, God used your actions to fulfill the prophecies that the Messiah would suffer and die.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1214, H5487, G10960, G41380

Definition:

The term “glory” is a general term for a family of concepts including value, worth, importance, honor, splendor, or majesty. The term “glorify” means to ascribe glory to someone or something, or to show or tell how glorious something or someone is.

• In the Bible, the term “glory” is especially used to describe God, who is more valuable, more worthy, more important, more honorable, more splendid, and more majestic than anyone or anything in the universe. Everything about his character reveals his glory.
• People can glorify God by telling about the wonderful things he has done. They can also glorify God by living in accordance with God’s character, because doing so shows to others his value, worth, importance, honor, splendor, and majesty.
• The expression to “glory in” means to boast about or take pride in something.

Old Testament

• The specific phrase “the glory of Yahweh” in the Old Testament usually refers to some perceptible manifestation of Yahweh’s presence in a particular location.

New Testament

• God the Father will glorify God the Son by revealing to all people the full extent of how glorious Jesus is.
• Everyone who believes in Christ will be glorified with him. This use of the term “glorify” carries a unique meaning. It means that when people who believe in Christ are raised to life, they will be changed physically to be like Jesus as he appeared after his resurrection.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, different ways to translate “glory” could include “splendor” or “majesty” or “awesome greatness” or “extreme value.”
• The term “glorious” could be translated as “full of glory” or “extremely valuable” or “brightly shining” or “awesomely majestic.”
• The expression “give glory to God” could be translated as “honor God’s greatness” or “praise God because of his splendor” or “tell others how great God is.”
• The expression “glory in” could also be translated as “praise” or “take pride in” or “boast about” or “take pleasure in.”
• “Glorify” could also be translated as “give glory to” or “bring glory to” or “cause to appear great.”
• The phrase “glorify God” could also be translated as “praise God” or “talk about God’s greatness” or “show how great God is” or “honor God (by obeying him).”
• The term “be glorified” could also be translated as “be shown to be very great” or “be praised” or “be exalted.”

(See also: honor, majesty, exalt, obey, praise)

Bible References:

• Exodus 24:17
• Numbers 14:9-10
• Isaiah 35:2
• Luke 18:43
• Luke 2:9
• John 12:28
• Acts 3:13-14
• Acts 7:1-3
• Romans 8:17
• 1 Corinthians 6:19-20
• Philippians 2:14-16
• Philippians 4:19
• Colossians 3:1-4
• 1 Thessalonians 2:5
• James 2:1-4
• 1 Peter 4:15-16
• Revelation 15:4

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 23:7 Suddenly, the skies were filled with angels praising God, saying, “Glory to God in heaven and peace on earth to the people he favors!”
• 25:6 Then Satan showed Jesus all the kingdoms of the world and all their glory and said, “I will give you all this if you bow down and worship me.”
• 37:1 When Jesus heard this news, he said, “This sickness will not end in death, but it is for the glory of God.”
• 37:8 Jesus responded, “Did I not tell you that you would see God’s glory if you believe in me?”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0117, H0142, H0155, H0215, H1342, H1921, H1926, H1935, H1984, H3367, H3513, H3519, H3520, H6286, H6643, H7623, H8597, G13910, G13920, G17400, G17410, G27440, G48880

Definition:

A false god is something that people worship instead of the one true God. The term “goddess” refers specifically to a female false god.

• These false gods or goddesses do not exist. Yahweh is the only God.
• People sometimes make objects into idols to worship as symbols of their false gods.
• In the Bible, God’s people frequently turned away from obeying him in order to worship false gods.
• Demons often deceive people into believing that the false gods and idols they worship have power.
• Baal, Dagon, and Molech were three of the many false gods that were worshiped by people in Bible times.
• Asherah and Artemis (Diana) were two of the goddesses that ancient peoples worshiped.

An idol is an object that people make so they can worship it. Something is described as “idolatrous” if it involves giving honor to something other than the one true God.

• People make idols to represent the false gods that they worship.
• These false gods do not exist; there is no God besides Yahweh.
• Sometimes demons work through an idol to make it seem like it has power, even though it does not.
• Idols are often made of valuable materials like gold, silver, bronze, or expensive wood.
• An “idolatrous kingdom” means a “kingdom of people who worship idols” or a “kingdom of people who worship earthly things.”
• The term “idolatrous figure” is another word for a “carved image” or an “idol.”

Translation Suggestions:

• There may already be a word for “god” or “false god” in the language or in a nearby language.
• The term “idol” could be used to refer to false gods.
• In English, a lower case “g” is used to refer to false gods, and upper case “G” is used to refer to the one true God. Other languages also do that.
• Another option would be to use a completely different word to refer to the false gods.
• Some languages may add a word to specify whether the false god is described as male or female.

(See also: God, Asherah, Baal, Molech, demon, image, kingdom, worship)

Bible References:

• Genesis 35:2
• Exodus 32:1
• Psalms 31:6
• Psalms 81:8-10
• Isaiah 44:20
• Acts 7:41
• Acts 7:43
• Acts 15:20
• Acts 19:27
• Romans 2:22
• Galatians 4:8-9
• Galatians 5:19-21
• Colossians 3:5
• 1 Thessalonians 1:9

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 10:2 Through these plagues, God showed Pharaoh that he is more powerful than Pharaoh and all of Egypt’s gods.
• 13:4 Then God gave them the covenant and said, “I am Yahweh, your God, who saved you from slavery in Egypt. Do not worship other gods.”
• 14:2 They (Canaanites) worshiped false gods and did many evil things.
• 16:1 The Israelites began to worship the Canaanite gods instead of Yahweh, the true God.
• 18:13 But most of Judah’s kings were evil, corrupt, and they worshiped idols. Some of the kings even sacrificed their children to false gods.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0205, H0367, H0410, H0426, H0430, H0457, H1322, H1544, H1892, H2553, H3649, H4656, H4906, H5236, H5566, H6089, H6090, H6091, H6456, H6459, H6673, H6736, H6754, H7723, H8163, H8251, H8267, H8441, H8655, G14930, G14940, G14950, G14960, G14970, G22990, G27120

Definition:

The term “godly” is used to describe a person who acts in a way that honors God and shows what God is like. “Godliness” is the character quality of honoring God by doing his will.

• A person who has godly character will show the fruits of the Holy Spirit, such as love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, and self control.
• The quality of godliness shows that a person has the Holy Spirit and is obeying him.

The terms “ungodly” and “godless” describe people who are in rebellion against God. Living in an evil way, without thought of God, is called “ungodliness” or “godlessness.”

• The meanings of these words are very similar. However, “godless” and “godlessness” may describe a more extreme condition in which people or nations do not even acknowledge God or his right to rule them.
• God pronounces judgment and wrath on ungodly people, on everyone who rejects him and his ways.

Translation Suggestions:

• The phrase “the godly” could be translated as “godly people” or “people who obey God.” (See: nominaladj

• The adjective “godly” could be translated as “obedient to God” or “righteous” or “pleasing to God.”

• The phrase “in a godly manner” could be translated as “in a way that obeys God” or “with actions and words that please God.”

• Ways to translate “godliness” could include “acting in a way that pleases God” or “obeying God” or “living in a righteous manner.”

• Depending on the context, the term “ungodly” could be translated as “displeasing to God” or “immoral” or “disobeying God.”

• The terms “godless” and “godlessness” literally mean that the people are “without God” or “having no thought of God” or “acting in a way that does not acknowledge God.”

• Other ways to translate “ungodliness” or “godlessness” could be “wickedness” or “evil” or “rebellion against God”.

(See also evil, honor, obey, righteous)

Bible References:

• Job 27:10
• Proverbs 11:9
• Acts 3:12
• 1 Timothy 1:9-11
• 1 Timothy 4:7
• 2 Timothy 3:12
• Hebrews 12:14-17
• Hebrews 11:7
• 1 Peter 4:18
• Jude 1:16

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0430, H1100, H2623, H5760, H7563, G05160, G07630, G07640, G07650, G21240, G21500, G21520, G21530, G23160, G23170

Definition:

The term “gospel” literally means “good news” and refers to a message or announcement that tells people something that benefits them and makes them glad.

• In the Bible, this term usually refers to the message about God’s salvation for people through Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross.
• In most English Bibles, “good news” is usually translated as “gospel” and is also used in phrases such as, the “gospel of Jesus Christ,” the “gospel of God” and the “gospel of the kingdom.”

Translation Suggestions:

• Different ways to translate this term could include, “good message” or “good announcement” or “God’s message of salvation” or “the good things God teaches about Jesus.”
• Depending on the context, ways to translate the phrase, “good news of” could include, “good news/message about” or “good message from” or “the good things God tells us about” or “what God says about how he saves people.”

(See also: kingdom, sacrifice, save)

Bible References:

• 1 Thessalonians 1:5
• Acts 8:25
• Colossians 1:23
• Galatians 1:6
• Luke 8:1-3
• Mark 1:14
• Philippians 2:22
• Romans 1:3

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 23:6 The angel said, “Do not be afraid, because I have some good news for you. The Messiah, the Master, has been born in Bethlehem!”
• 26:3 Jesus read, “God has given me his Spirit so that I can proclaim good news to the poor, freedom to captives, recovery of sight for the blind, and release to the oppressed. This is the year of the Lord’s favor.”
• 45:10 Philip also used other Scriptures to tell him the good news of Jesus.
• 46:10 Then they sent them off to preach the good news about Jesus in many other places.
• 47:1 One day, Paul and his friend Silas went to the town of Philippi to proclaim the good news about Jesus.
• 47:13 The good news about Jesus kept spreading, and the Church kept growing.
• 50:1 For almost 2,000 years, more and more people around the world have been hearing the good news about Jesus the Messiah.
• 50:2 When Jesus was living on earth he said, “My disciples will preach the good news about the kingdom of God to people everywhere in the world, and then the end will come.”
• 50:3 Before he returned to heaven, Jesus told Christians to proclaim the good news to people who have never heard it.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G20970, G20980, G42830

Definition:

The term “good” generally refers to a positive evaulation of the quality of something or someone, often in a moral or emotional sense. However, the term conveys various nuances throughout the Bible depending on the context.

• Something that is “good” could be emotionally pleasant, morally right, excellent, helpful, suitable, or profitable.
• In the Bible, the general meaning of “good” is often contrasted with “evil.”

Translation Suggestions:

• The general term for “good” in the target language should be used wherever this general meaning is accurate and natural, especially in contexts where it is contrasted to evil.
• Depending on the context, other ways to translate this term could include “kind” or “excellent” or “pleasing to God” or “righteous” or “morally upright” or “profitable.”
• “Good land” could be translated as “fertile land” or “productive land”; a “good crop” could be translated as a “plentiful harvest” or “large amount of crops.”
• The phrase “do good to” means to do something that benefits others and could be translated as “be kind to” or “help” or “benefit” someone or “cause someone to prosper.”
• To “do good on the Sabbath” means to “do things that help others on the Sabbath.”
• Depending on the context, ways to translate the term “goodness” could include “blessing” or “kindness” or “moral perfection” or “righteousness” or “purity.”

(See also: righteous, prosper, evil)

Bible References:

• Galatians 5:22-24
• Genesis 1:12
• Genesis 2:9
• Genesis 2:17
• James 3:13
• Romans 2:4

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 1:4 God saw that what he had created was good.
• 1:11 God planted the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
• 1:12 Then God said, “It is not good for man to be alone.”
• 2:4 “God just knows that as soon as you eat it, you will be like God and will understand good and evil like he does.”
• 8:12 “You tried to do evil when you sold me as a slave, but God used the evil for good!”
• 14:15 Joshua was a good leader because he trusted and obeyed God.
• 18:13 Some of these kings were good men who ruled justly and worshiped God.
• 28:1 “Good teacher, what must I do to have eternal life?” Jesus said to him, “Why do you call me ‘good?’ There is only one who is good, and that is God.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0117, H0145, H0155, H0202, H0239, H0410, H1580, H1926, H1935, H2532, H2617, H2623, H2869, H2895, H2896, H2898, H3190, H3191, H3276, H3474, H3788, H3966, H4261, H4399, H5232, H5750, H6287, H6643, H6743, H7075, H7368, H7399, H7443, H7999, H8231, H8232, H8233, H8389, H8458, G00140, G00150, G00180, G00190, G05150, G07440, G08650, G09790, G13800, G20950, G20970, G21060, G21070, G21080, G21090, G21140, G21150, G21330, G21400, G21620, G21630, G21740, G22930, G25650, G25670, G25700, G25730, G28870, G29860, G31400, G36170, G37760, G41470, G46320, G46740, G48510, G52230, G52240, G53580, G55420, G55430, G55440

Definition:

The word “grace” refers to help or blessing that is given to someone who has not earned it. The term “gracious” describes someone who shows grace to others.

• God’s grace toward sinful human beings is a gift that is freely given.
• The concept of grace also refers to being kind and forgiving to someone who has done wrong or hurtful things.
• The expression to “find grace” is an expression that means to receive help and mercy from God. Often it includes the meaning that God is pleased with someone and helps him.

Translation Suggestions:

• Other ways that “grace” could be translated include “divine kindness” or “God’s favor” or “God’s kindness and forgiveness for sinners” or “merciful kindness.”
• The term “gracious” could be translated as “full of grace” or “kind” or “merciful” or “mercifully kind.”
• The expression “he found grace in the eyes of God” could be translated as “he received mercy from God” or “God mercifully helped him” or “God showed his favor to him” or “God was pleased with him and helped him.”

Bible References:

• Acts 4:33
• Acts 6:8
• Acts 14:4
• Colossians 4:6
• Colossians 4:18
• Genesis 43:28-29
• James 4:7
• John 1:16
• Philippians 4:21-23
• Revelation 22:20-21

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H2580, H2587, H2589, H2603, H8467, G21430, G54850, G55430

Definition:

The term “guilt” refers to the fact of having sinned or committed a crime.

• To “be guilty” means to have done something morally wrong, that is, to have disobeyed God.
• The opposite of “guilty” is “innocent.”

Translation Suggestions:

• Some languages might translate “guilt” as “the weight of sin” or “the counting of sins.”
• Ways to translate to “be guilty” could include a word or phrase that means, to “be at fault” or “having done something morally wrong” or “having committed a sin.”

(See also: innocent, iniquity, punish, sin)

Bible References:

• Exodus 28:36-38
• Isaiah 6:7
• James 2:10-11
• John 19:4
• Jonah 1:14

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 39:2 They brought many witnesses who lied about him (Jesus). However, their statements did not agree with each other, so the Jewish leaders could not prove he was guilty of anything.
• 39:11 After speaking with Jesus, Pilate went out to the crowd and said, “I find no guilt in this man.” But the Jewish leaders and the crowd shouted, “Crucify him!” Pilate replied, “He is not guilty.” But they shouted even louder. Then Pilate said a third time, “He is not guilty!”
• 40:4 Jesus was crucified between two robbers. One of them mocked Jesus, but the other said, “Don’t you fear God? We are guilty, but this man is innocent.”
• 49:10 Because of your sin, you are guilty and deserve to die.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0816, H0817, H0818, H5352, H5355, H7563, G03380, G17770, G37840, G52670

Definition:

The term that is translated as “heaven” usually refers to where God lives. The same word can also mean “sky,” depending on the context.

• The term “heavens” refers to everything we see above the earth, including the sun, moon, and stars. It also includes the heavenly bodies, such as far-off planets, that we can’t directly see from the earth.
• The term “sky” refers to the blue expanse above the earth that has clouds and the air we breathe. Often the sun and moon are also said to be “up in the sky.”
• In some contexts in the Bible, the word “heaven” could refer to either the sky or the place where God lives.

Translation Suggestions:

• For “kingdom of heaven” in the book of Matthew, it is best to keep the word “heaven” since this is distinctive to Matthew’s gospel.
• The terms “heavens” or “heavenly bodies” could also be translated as “sun, moon, and stars” or “all the stars in the universe.”
• The phrase, “stars of heaven” could be translated as “stars in the sky” or “stars in the galaxy” or “stars in the universe.”

(See also: kingdom of God)

Bible References:

• 1 Kings 8:22-24
• 1 Thessalonians 1:8-10
• 1 Thessalonians 4:17
• Deuteronomy 9:1
• Ephesians 6:9
• Genesis 1:1
• Genesis 7:11
• John 3:12
• John 3:27
• Matthew 5:18
• Matthew 5:46-48

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 4:2 They even began building a tall tower to reach heaven.
• 14:11 He (God) gave them bread from heaven, called “manna.”
• 23:7 Suddenly, the skies were filled with angels praising God, saying, “Glory to God in heaven and peace on earth to the people he favors!”
• 29:9 Then Jesus said, “This is what my heavenly Father will do to every one of you if you do not forgive your brother from your heart.”
• 37:9 Then Jesus looked up to heaven and said, “Father, thank you for hearing me.”
• 42:11 Then Jesus went up to heaven, and a cloud hid him from their sight.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1534, H6160, H6183, H7834, H8064, H8065, G09320, G20320, G33210, G37700, G37710, G37720

Definition:

Hell is the final place of unending pain and suffering where God will punish everyone who rebels against him and rejects his plan of saving them through Jesus’ sacrifice. It is also referred to as the “lake of fire.”

• Hell is described as a place of fire and severe suffering.
• Satan and the evil spirits who follow him will be thrown into hell for eternal punishment.
• People who do not believe in Jesus’ sacrifice for their sin and do not trust in him to save them, will be punished forever in hell.

Translation Suggestions:

• These terms should probably be translated differently since they occur in different contexts.
• Some languages cannot use “lake” in the phrase “lake of fire” because it refers to water.
• The term “hell” could be translated as “place of suffering” or “final place of darkness and pain.”
• The term “lake of fire” could also be translated as “sea of fire” or “huge fire (of suffering)” or “field of fire.”

(See also: heaven, death, Hades, abyss)

Bible References:

• James 3:6
• Luke 12:5
• Mark 9:42-44
• Matthew 5:21-22
• Matthew 5:29
• Matthew 10:28-31
• Matthew 23:33
• Matthew 25:41-43
• Revelation 20:15

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 50:14 He (God) will throw them into hell, where they will weep and grind their teeth in anguish forever. A fire that never goes out will continually burn them, and worms will never stop eating them.
• 50:15 He will throw Satan into hell where he will burn forever, along with everyone who chose to follow him rather than to obey God.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H7585, G00860, G04390, G04400, G10670, G30410, G44420, G44430, G44470, G44480, G50200, G53940, G54570

Definition:

The term “high priest” refers to a special priest who was appointed to serve for one year as the leader of all of the other Israelite priests. In New Testament times, some other priests were also considered very important Jewish religious leaders, with authority over other priests and the people. These were the chief priests.

• The high priest had special responsibilities. He was the only one who was permitted to go into the most holy part of the tabernacle or the temple to offer a special sacrifice once per year.
• The Israelites had many priests, but only one high priest at a time.
• After high priests retired, they still kept the title, along with some of the responsibilities of the office. For example, Annas was still referred to as high priest during the priesthood of Caiaphas and others.
• The chief priests were responsible for everything needed for the worship services at the temple. They were also in charge of the money that was given to the temple.
• The chief priests were higher in rank and power than the ordinary priests. Only the high priest had more authority.
• The chief priests were some of Jesus’ main enemies and they strongly influenced the Roman leaders to arrest and kill him.

Translation Suggestions:

• “High priest” could be translated as “supreme priest” or “highest ranking priest.”
• The term “chief priests” could be translated as “head priests” or “leading priests” or “ruling priests.”

(See also: Annas, Caiaphas, priest, temple)

Bible References:

• Acts 5:27
• Acts 7:1
• Acts 9:1
• Exodus 30:10
• Hebrews 6:19-20
• Leviticus 16:32
• Luke 3:2
• Mark 2:25-26
• Matthew 26:3-5
• Matthew 26:51-54

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 13:8 No one could enter the room behind the curtain except the high priest, because God lived there.
• 21:7 The Messiah who would come would be the perfect high priest who would offer himself as a perfect sacrifice to God.
• 38:3 The Jewish leaders, led by the high priest, paid Judas thirty silver coins to betray Jesus.
• 39:1 The soldiers led Jesus to the house of the high priest in order for the high priest to question him.
• 39:3 Finally, the high priest looked directly at Jesus and said, “Tell us, are you the Messiah, the Son of the living God?”
• 44:7 The next day, the Jewish leaders brought Peter and John to the high priest and the other religious leaders.
• 45:2 So the religious leaders arrested Stephen and brought him to the high priest and the other leaders of the Jews, where more false witnesses lied about Stephen.
• 46:1 The high priest gave Saul permission to go to the city of Damascus to arrest Christians there and bring them back to Jerusalem.
• 48:6 Jesus is the Great High Priest. Unlike other priests, he offered himself as the only sacrifice that could to take away the sin of all the people in the world. Jesus was the perfect high priest because he took the punishment for every sin that anyone has ever committed.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H7218, H1419, H3548, G07480, G07490

Definition:

In the Bible, the terms “the holy place” and “the most holy place” refer to the two parts of the tabernacle or temple building.

• The “holy place” was the first room, and it contained the altar of incense and the table with the special “bread of the presence” on it.
• The “most holy place” was the second, innermost room, and it contained the ark of the covenant.
• A thick, heavy curtain separated the outer room from the inner room.
• The high priest was the only one who was permitted to go into the most holy place.
• Sometimes “holy place” refers to both the building and courtyard areas of either the temple or tabernacle. It could also refer generally to any place that is set apart for God.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “holy place” could also be translated as “room set apart for God” or “special room for meeting God” or “place reserved for God.”
• The term “most holy place” could be translated as “room that is the most set apart for God” or “most special room for meeting God.”
• Depending on the context, ways to translate the general expression “a holy place” could include “a consecrated place” or “a place that God has set apart” or “a place in the temple complex, which is holy” or “a courtyard of God’s holy temple.”

(See also: altar of incense, ark of the covenant, bread, consecrate, courtyard, curtain, holy, set apart, tabernacle, temple)

Bible References:

• 1 Kings 6:16-18
• Acts 6:12-15
• Exodus 26:33
• Exodus 31:10-11
• Ezekiel 41:1
• Ezra 9:8-9
• Hebrews 9:1-2
• Leviticus 16:18
• Matthew 24:15-18
• Revelation 15:5

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1964, H4720, H4725, H5116, H6918, H6944, G00400, G00400, G34850, G51170

Definition:

The terms “holy” and “holiness” refer to the character of God that is totally set apart and separated from everything that is sinful and imperfect.

• Only God is absolutely holy. He makes people and things holy.
• A person who is holy belongs to God and has been set apart for the purpose of serving God and bringing him glory.
• An object that God has declared to be holy is one that he has set apart for his glory and use, such as an altar that is for the purpose of offering sacrifices to him.
• People cannot approach him unless he allows them to, because he is holy and they are merely human beings, sinful and imperfect.
• In the Old Testament, God set apart the priests as holy for special service to him. They had to be ceremonially cleansed from sin in order to approach God.
• God also set apart as holy certain places and things that belonged to him or in which he revealed himself, such as his temple.

Literally, the term “unholy” means “not holy.” It describes someone or something that does not honor God.

• This word is used to describe someone who dishonors God by rebelling against him.
• A thing that is called “unholy” could be described as being common, profane or unclean. It does not belong to God.

The term “sacred” describes something that relates to worshiping God or to the pagan worship of false gods.

• In the Old Testament, the term “sacred” was oftensed to describe the stone pillars and other objects used in the worship of false gods. This could also be translated as “religious.”
• “Sacred songs” and “sacred music” refer to music that was sung or played for God’s glory. This could be translated as “music for worshiping Yahweh” or “songs that praise God.”
• The phrase “sacred duties” referred to the “religious duties” or “rituals” that a priest performed to lead people in worshiping God. It could also refer to the rituals performed by a pagan priest to worship a false god

Translation Suggestions:

• Ways to translate “holy” might include “set apart for God” or “belonging to God” or “completely pure” or “perfectly sinless” or “separated from sin.”

• To “make holy” is often translated as “sanctify” in English. It could also be translated as “set apart (someone) for God’s glory.”

• Ways to translate “unholy” could include “not holy” or “not belonging to God” or “not honoring to God” or “not godly.”

• In some contexts, “unholy” could be translated as “unclean.”

(See also: Holy Spirit, consecrate, sanctify, set apart)

Bible References:

• Genesis 28:22
• 2 Kings 3:2
• Lamentations 4:1
• Ezekiel 20:18-20
• Matthew 7:6
• Mark 8:38
• Acts 7:33
• Acts 11:8
• Romans 1:2
• 2 Corinthians 12:3-5
• Colossians 1:22
• 1 Thessalonians 3:13
• 1 Thessalonians 4:7
• 2 Timothy 3:15

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 1:16 He (God) blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on this day he rested from his work.
• 9:12 “You are standing on holy ground.”
• 13:2 “If you will obey me and keep my covenant, you will be my prized possession, a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation.”
• 13:5 “Always be sure to keep the Sabbath day holy.”
• 22:5 “So the baby will be holy, the Son of God.”
• 50:2 As we wait for Jesus to return, God wants us to live in a way that is holy and that honors him.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0430, H2455, H2623, H4676, H4720, H6918, H6922, H6942, H6944, H6948, G00370, G00380, G00400, G00400, G00410, G00420, G04620, G18590, G21500, G24120, G24130, G28390, G37410, G37420

Definition:

The terms “honor” and “to honor” refer to giving someone respect, esteem, or reverence.

• Honor is usually given to someone who is of higher status and importance, such as a king or God.
• God instructs Christians to honor others.
• Children are instructed to honor their parents in ways that include respecting them and obeying them.
• The terms “honor” and “glory” are often used together, especially when referring to Jesus. These may be two different ways of referring to the same thing.
• Ways of honoring God include thanking and praising him, and showing him respect by obeying him and living in a way that shows how great he is.

Translation Suggestions:

• Other ways to translate “honor” could include “respect” or “esteem” or “high regard.”
• The term to “honor” could be translated as to “show special respect to” or to “cause to be praised” or to “show high regard for” or to “highly value.”

(See also: dishonor, glory, praise)

Bible References:

• 1 Samuel 2:8
• Acts 19:17
• John 4:44
• John 12:26
• Mark 6:4
• Matthew 15:6

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1420, H1921, H1922, H1923, H1926, H1927, H1935, H2082, H2142, H3366, H3367, H3368, H3372, H3373, H3374, H3444, H3513, H3519, H3655, H3678, H5081, H5375, H5457, H6213, H6286, H6437, H6942, H6944, H6965, H7236, H7613, H7812, H8597, H8416, G08200, G13910, G13920, G17840, G21510, G25700, G31700, G44110, G45860, G50910, G50920, G50930, G53990

Definition:

Hope is strongly desiring something to happen. Hope can imply either certainty or uncertainty regarding a future event.

• In the Bible, the term “hope” also has the meaning of “trust,” as in “my hope is in the Lord.” It refers to a sure expectation of receiving what God has promised his people.
• Sometimes the ULT translates the term in the original language as “confidence.” This happens mostly in the New Testament in situations where people who believe in Jesus as their Savior have the assurance (or confidence or hope) of receiving what God has promised.
• To have “no hope” means to have no expectation of something good happening. It means that it is actually very certain that it will not happen.

Translation Suggestions:

• In some contexts, the term to “hope” could also be translated as to “wish” or to “desire” or to “expect.”
• The expression “nothing to hope for” could be translated as “nothing to trust in” or “no expectation of anything good”
• To “have no hope” could be translated as “have no expectation of anything good” or “have no security” or “be sure that nothing good will happen.”
• The expression “have set your hopes on” could also be translated as “have put your confidence in” or “have been trusting in.”
• The phrase “I find hope in your Word” could also be translated as “I am confident that your Word is true” or “Your Word helps me trust in you” or “When I obey your Word, I am certain to be blessed.”
• Phrases such as “hope in” God could also be translated a, “trust in God” or “know for sure that God will do what he has promised” or “be certain that God is faithful.”

(See also: bless, confidence, good, obey, trust, word of God)

Bible References:

• 1 Chronicles 29:14-15
• 1 Thessalonians 2:19
• Acts 24:14-16
• Acts 26:6
• Acts 27:20
• Colossians 1:5
• Job 11:20

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0982, H0983, H0986, H2620, H2976, H3175, H3176, H3689, H4009, H4268, H4723, H7663, H7664, H8431, H8615, G00910, G05600, G16790, G16800, G20700

Definition:

In the Bible, the phrases “house of God” (God’s house) and “house of Yahweh (Yahweh’s house)” refer to a place where God is worshiped.

• This term is also used more specifically to refer to the tabernacle or the temple.
• The terms “house of God” and “house of Yahweh” refer to the tabernacle or temple. These expressions can also refer generally to a central place where Yahweh was worshipped.
• The Bible often uses the phrases “your house” and “his house” to refer to the temple of Yahweh.
• The phrases “the house for my name,” “a house for my name,” and “a house of Yahweh” all refer to the temple of Yahweh.
• In some contexts, such as in 1 Chronicles 17:25 and 29:16, the phrase “a house” refers to the temple of Yahweh.
• In some contexts, such as in 1 Kings 8:44 and 2 Chronicles 6:4, the phrase “the house” refers to the temple of Yahweh.

Translation Suggestions:

• When referring to a place of worship, this term could be translated as “a house for worshiping God” or “a place for worshiping God.”
• If it is referring to the temple or tabernacle, this could be translated as “the temple (or tabernacle) where God is worshiped” (or “where God is present” or “where God meets with his people”).
• The word “house” may be important to use in the translation in order to communicate that God “dwells” there, that is, his spirit is in that place to meet with his people and to be worshiped by them.
• The phrase “house of Yahweh” could be translated as “Yahweh’s temple” or “place where Yahweh is worshiped” or “place where Yahweh meets with his people” or “where Yahweh dwells.” The phrase “house of God” could be translated in a similar way.

(See also: people of God, tabernacle, temple)

Bible References:

• 1 Timothy 3:14-15
• 2 Chronicles 23:8-9
• Ezra 5:13
• Genesis 28:17
• Judges 18:30-31
• Mark 2:26
• Matthew 12:4

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0426, H0430, H1004, H1005, H3068, G23160, G36240

Definition:

The term “humble” describes a person who does not think of himself as better than others. He is not proud or arrogant. Humility is the quality of being humble.

• To be humble before God means to understand one’s weakness and imperfection in comparison with his greatness, wisdom and perfection.
• When a person humbles himself, he puts himself in a position of lower importance.
• Humility is caring about the needs of others more than one’s own needs.
• Humility also means serving with a modest attitude when using one’s gifts and abilities.
• The phrase “be humble” could be translated as “don’t be prideful.”
• “Humble yourself before God” could be translated as “Submit your will to God, recognizing his greatness.”

(See also: proud)

Bible References:

• James 1:21
• James 3:13
• James 4:10
• Luke 14:11
• Luke 18:14
• Matthew 18:4
• Matthew 23:12

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 17:2 David was a humble and righteous man who trusted and obeyed God.
• 34:10 “God will humble everyone who is proud, and he will lift up whoever humbles himself.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1792, H3665, H6031, H6035, H6038, H6041, H6800, H6819, H7511, H7807, H7812, H8213, H8214, H8215, H8217, H8467, G08580, G42360, G42390, G42400, G50110, G50120, G50130, G53910

Definition:

The term “hypocrite” refers to a person who does things to appear righteous, but who secretly is acting in evil ways. The term “hypocrisy” refers to the behavior that deceives people into thinking a person is righteous.

• Hypocrites want to be seen doing good things so that people will think that they are good people.
• Often a hypocrite will criticize other people for doing the same sinful things that they themselves do.
• Jesus called the Pharisees hypocrites because although they acted religiously like wearing certain clothes and eating certain foods, they were not kind or fair to people.
• A hypocrite points out faults in other people, but doesn’t admit his own faults.

Translation Suggestions:

• Some languages have an expression like “two-faced” that refers to a hypocrite or a hypocrite’s actions.
• Other ways to translate “hypocrite” could include “fraud” or “pretender” or “arrogant, deceitful person.”
• The term “hypocrisy” could be translated by, “deception” or “fake actions” or “pretending.”

Bible References:

• Galatians 2:13
• Luke 6:41-42
• Luke 12:54-56
• Luke 13:15
• Mark 7:6-7
• Matthew 6:1-2
• Romans 12:9

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0120, H2611, H2612, G05050, G52720, G52730

Definition:

The term “image” refers to something that looks like something else or that is like someone in character or essence. The phrase “image of God” is used in different ways, depending on the context.

• At the beginning of time, God created human beings “in his image,” that is, “in his likeness.” This means that people have certain characteristics that reflect the image of God, such as the ability to feel emotion, the ability to reason and communicate, and a spirit that lives eternally.
• The Bible teaches that Jesus, God’s Son, is “the image of God,” that is, he is God himself. Unlike human beings, Jesus was not created. From all eternity God the Son has had all the divine characteristics because he has had the same essence with God the Father.

Translation Suggestions:

• When referring to Jesus, “image of God” could be translated as “exact likeness of God” or “same essence as God” or “same being as God.”
• When referring to human beings, “God created them in his image” could be translated with a phrase that means “God created them to be like him” or “God created them with characteristics like his own.”

(See also: image, Son of God, Son of God)

Bible References:

• 2 Corinthians 4:3-4
• Colossians 3:9-11
• Genesis 1:26-27
• Genesis 9:6
• James 3:9-10
• Romans 8:28-30

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H4541, H1544, H2553, H6456, H6459, H6754, H6816, H8403, G05040, G01790

Definition:

The phrase “in Christ” and related terms refer to the state or condition of being in relationship with Jesus Christ through faith in him.

• Other related terms include “in Christ Jesus, in Jesus Christ, in the Lord Jesus, in the Lord Jesus Christ.”
• Possible meanings for the term “in Christ” could include “because you belong to Christ” or “through the relationship you have with Christ” or “based on your faith in Christ.”
• These related terms all have the same meaning of being in a state of believing in Jesus and being his disciple.
• Note: Sometimes the word “in” belongs with the verb. For example, “share in Christ” means to “share in” the benefits that come from knowing Christ. To “glory in” Christ means to be glad and give praise to God for who Jesus is and what he has done. To “believe in” Christ means to trust him as Savior and know him.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, different ways to translate “in Christ” and “in the Lord” (and related phrases) could include:

  • “who belong to Christ”
  • “because you believe in Christ”
  • “because Christ has saved us”
  • “in service to the Lord”
  • “relying on the Lord”
  • “because of what the Lord has done.”

• People who “believe in” Christ or who “have faith in” Christ believe what Jesus taught and are trusting him to save them because of his sacrifice on the cross that paid the penalty for their sins. Some languages may have one word that translates verbs like “believe in” or “share in” or “trust in.”

(See also: Christ, Lord, Jesus, believe, faith)

Bible References:

• 1 John 2:5
• 2 Corinthians 2:17
• 2 Timothy 1:1
• Galatians 1:22
• Galatians 2:17
• Philemon 1:6
• Revelation 1:10
• Romans 9:1

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G15190, G29620, G55470

Definition:

The term “inherit” refers to receiving something valuable from a parent after a parent dies. The term can also refer to receiving something valuable from some other person because of a special relationship with that person. An “inheritance” is the things that are received, and an “heir” is a person who receives an inheritance.

• A physical inheritance that is received may be money, land, or other kinds of property.
• God promised Abraham and his descendants that they would inherit the land of Canaan, that it would belong to them forever.

Translation Suggestions:

• As always, consider first whether there are already terms in the target language for the concept of an heir or an inheritance, and use those terms.
• Depending on the context, other ways that the term “inherit” could be translated might include “receive” or “possess” or “come into possession of.”
• Ways to translate “inheritance” could include “promised gift” or “secure possession.”
• The term “heir” could be translated with a word or phrase that means “privileged child who receives the father’s possessions.”
• The term “heritage” could be translated as “inherited blessings.”

(See also: heir, Canaan, Promised Land, possess)

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 6:9
• 1 Peter 1:4
• 2 Samuel 21:3
• Acts 7:4-5
• Deuteronomy 20:16
• Galatians 5:21
• Genesis 15:7
• Hebrews 9:15
• Jeremiah 2:7
• Luke 15:11
• Matthew 19:29
• Psalm 79:1

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 4:6 When Abram arrived in Canaan God said, “Look all around you. I will give to you and your descendants all the land that you can see as an inheritance.”
• 27:1 One day, an expert in the Jewish law came to Jesus to test him, saying, “Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life?”
• 35:3 “There was a man who had two sons. The younger son told his father, ‘Father, I want my inheritance now!’ So the father divided his property between the two sons.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H2490, H2506, H3423, H3425, H4181, H5157, H5159, G28160, G28170, G28190, G28200

Definition:

The term “iniquity” is a word that is very similar in meaning to the term “sin,” but may more specifically refer to conscious acts of wrongdoing or great wickedness.

• The word “iniquity” literally means a twisting or distorting (of the law). It refers to major injustice.
• Iniquity could be described as deliberate, harmful actions against other people.
• Other definitions of iniquity include “perversity” and “depravity,” which are both words that describe conditions of terrible sin.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “iniquity” could be translated as “wickedness” or “perverse actions” or “harmful acts.”
• Often, “iniquity” occurs in the same text as the word “sin” and “transgression” so it is important to have different ways of translating these terms.

(See also: sin, transgress, trespass)

Bible References:

• Daniel 9:13
• Exodus 34:5-7
• Genesis 15:14-16
• Genesis 44:16
• Habakkuk 2:12
• Matthew 13:41
• Matthew 23:27-28
• Micah 3:10

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0205, H1942, H5753, H5758, H5766, H5771, H5932, H5999, H7562, G00920, G00930, G04580, G38920, G41890

Definition:

The term “innocent” means to not be guilty of a crime or other wrongdoing. It can also refer more generally to people who are not involved in evil things.

• A person accused of doing something wrong is innocent if he has not committed that wrong.
• Sometimes the term “innocent” is used to refer to people who have done nothing wrong to deserve the bad treatment they are receiving, as in an enemy army attacking “innocent people.”
• In the Bible, “blood” can represent “killing,” so “innocent blood” refers to “killing people who did not deserve to die.”

Translation Suggestions:

• In most contexts, the term “innocent” can be translated as “not guilty” or “not responsible” or “not to blame” for something.
• When referring in general to innocent people, this term could be translated as “who have done nothing wrong” or “who are not involved in evil.”
• “To shed innocent blood” can be translated as “to kill people who did not deserve to die.”

(See also: guilt)

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 4:4
• 1 Samuel 19:5
• Acts 20:26
• Exodus 23:7
• Jeremiah 22:17
• Job 9:23
• Romans 16:18

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 8:6 After two years, Joseph was still in prison, even though he was innocent.
• 40:4 One of them mocked Jesus, but the other said, “Do you have no fear of God? We are guilty, but this man is innocent.”
• 40:8 When the soldier guarding Jesus saw everything that happened, he said, “Certainly, this man was innocent. He was the Son of God.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H2136, H2600, H2643, H5352, H5355, H5356, G01210

Definition:

The terms “intercede” and “intercession” refer to making requests to someone on behalf of another person. In the Bible this usually refers to praying for other people.

• The expressions “make intercession for” and “intercede for” mean to make requests to God for the benefit of other people.
• The Bible teaches that the Holy Spirit intercedes for us, that is, he prays to God for us.
• A person intercedes for other people by making requests for them to someone in authority.

Translation Suggestions:

• Other ways to translate “intercede” could include “plead for” or “urge (someone) to do something (for someone else).”
• The noun “intercessions” could be translated as “appeals” or “requests” or “urgent prayers.”
• The phrase “make intercession for” could be translated as “make requests for the benefit of” or “make an appeal on behalf of” or “ask God to help” or “appeal to God to bless (someone).”

(See also: pray)

Bible References:

• Hebrews 7:25-26
• Isaiah 53:12
• Jeremiah 29:6-7
• Romans 8:26-27
• Romans 8:33-34

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H6293, G17830, G17930, G52410

Definition:

The terms “jealous” and “jealousy” in this sense refer to a strong desire to protect the purity of a relationship. They can also refer to a strong desire to keep possession of something or someone (See Numbers 11:29).

• The term “jealous” is used to describe the angry feeling that a person has toward their spouse when they suspect that their spouse has been unfaithful in their marriage (See Numbers 5:14).
• The terms “jealous” and “jealousy” are often used to describe God’s strong desire that his covenant people love him, remain spiritually faithful to him, and keep him foremost in their affections.
• When used in the Bible, these terms often refer to God’s strong desire for his people to remain pure and unstained by sin.
• God is “jealous” for his glory, desiring that he be treated with honor and reverence.

Translation Suggestions:

• Ways to translate “jealous” could include “strong protective desire” or “possessive desire.”
• The term “jealousy” could be translated as “strong protective feeling” or “possessive feeling.”
• When talking about God, make sure the translation of these terms does not give a negative meaning of being resentful or envious of someone else.

(See also: envy)

Bible References:

Word Data:

• Strong’s:

Definition:

The terms “judge” and “judgment” often refer to making a decision about whether or not something is good, wise, or right. However, these terms can also refer to actions performed by a person as the result of a decision, usually in the context of deciding that something is bad, wrong, or evil.

• The terms “judge” and “judgment” can also mean “to cause harm to” (usually because God has decided a person or nation’s actions are wicked).
• The “judgment of God” often refers to his decision to condemn something or someone as sinful.
• God’s judgment usually includes punishing people for their sin.
• The term “judge” can also mean “condemn.” God instructs his people not to judge each other in this way.
• Another meaning is “arbitrate between” or “judge between,” as in deciding which person is right in a dispute between them.
• In some contexts, God’s “judgments” are what he has decided is right and just. They are similar to his decrees, laws, or precepts.
• “Judgment” can refer to wise decision-making ability. A person who lacks “judgment” does not have the wisdom to make wise decisions.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, ways to translate to “judge” could include to “decide” or to “condemn” or to “punish” or to “decree.”
• The term “judgment” could be translated as “punishment” or “decision” or “verdict” or “decree” or “condemnation.”
• In some contexts, the phrase “in the judgment” could also be translated as “on judgment day” or “during the time when God judges people.”

(See also: decree, judge, judgment day, just, law, law)

Bible References:

• 1 John 4:17
• 1 Kings 3:9
• Acts 10:42-43
• Isaiah 3:14
• James 2:4
• Luke 6:37
• Micah 3:9-11
• Psalm 54:1

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 19:16 The prophets warned the people that if they did not stop doing evil and start obeying God, then God would judge them as guilty, and he would punish them.
• 21:8 A king is someone who rules over a kingdom and judges the people. The Messiah would come would be the perfect king who would sit on the throne of his ancestor David. He would reign over the whole world forever, and who would always judge honestly and make the right decisions.
• 39:4 The high priest tore his clothes in anger and shouted to the other religious leaders, “We do not need any more witnesses! You have heard him say that he is the Son of God. What is your judgment?”
• 50:14 But God will judge everyone who does not believe in Jesus. He will throw them into hell, where they will weep and grind their teeth in anguish forever.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0148, H0430, H1777, H1778, H1779, H1780, H1781, H1782, H2940, H4055, H4941, H6414, H6415, H6416, H6417, H6419, H6485, H8196, H8199, H8201, G01440, G03500, G09680, G11060, G12520, G13410, G13450, G13480, G13490, G29170, G29190, G29200, G29220, G29230, G42320

Definition:

“Just” and “justice” refer to treating people fairly according to God’s laws. Human laws that reflect God’s standard of right behavior toward others are also just.

• To be “just” is to act in a fair and right way toward others. It also implies honesty and integrity to do what is morally right in God’s eyes.
• To act “justly” means to treat people in a way that is right, good, and proper according to God’s laws.
• To receive “justice” means to be treated fairly under the law, either being protected by the law or being punished for breaking the law.
• Sometimes the term “just” has the broader meaning of “righteous” or “following God’s laws.”

The terms “unjust” and “unjustly” refer to treating people in an unfair and often harmful manner.

• An “injustice” is something bad that is done to someone that the person did not deserve. It refers to treating people unfairly.
• Injustice also means that some people are treated badly while others are treated well.
• Someone who is acting in an unjust way is being “partial” or “prejudiced” because he is not treating people equally.

The terms “justify” and “justification” refer to causing a guilty person to be righteous. Only God can truly justify people.

• When God justifies people, he forgives their sins and makes it as though they have no sin. He justifies sinners who repent and trust in Jesus to save them from their sins.
• “Justification” refers to what God does when he forgives a person’s sins and declares that person to be righteous in his sight.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, other ways to translate “just” could include “morally right” or “fair.”

• The term “justice” could be translated as “fair treatment” or “deserved consequences.”

• To “act justly” could be translated as “treat fairly” or “behave in a just way.”

• In some contexts, “just” could be translated as “righteous” or “upright.”

• Depending on the context, “unjust” could also be translated as “unfair” or “partial” or “unrighteous.”

• The phrase “the unjust” could be translated as “the unjust ones” or “unjust people” or “people who treat others unfairly” or “unrighteous people” or “people who disobey God.”

• The term “unjustly” could be translated as “in an unfair manner” or “wrongly” or “unfairly.”

• Ways to translate “injustice” could include, “wrong treatment” or “unfair treatment” or “acting unfairly.” (See: abstractnouns

• Other ways to translate “justify” could include “declare (someone) to be righteous” or “cause (someone) to be righteous.”

• The term “justification” could be translated as “being declared righteous” or “becoming righteous” or “causing people to be righteous.”

• The phrase “resulting in justification” could be translated as “so that God justified many people” or “which resulted in God causing people to be righteous.”

• The phrase “for our justification” could be translated as “in order that we could be made righteous by God.”

(See also: forgive, guilt, judge, righteous, righteous)

Bible References:

• Genesis 44:16
• 1 Chronicles 18:14
• Isaiah 4:3-4
• Jeremiah 22:3
• Ezekiel 18:16-17
• Micah 3:8
• Matthew 5:43-45
• Matthew 11:19
• Matthew 23:23-24
• Luke 18:3
• Luke 18:8
• Luke 18:13-14
• Luke 21:20-22
• Luke 23:41
• Acts 13:38-39
• Acts 28:4
• Romans 4:1-3
• Galatians 3:6-9
• Galatians 3:11
• Galatians 5:3-4
• Titus 3:6-7
• Hebrews 6:10
• James 2:24
• Revelation 15:3-4

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 17:9 David ruled with justice and faithfulness for many years, and God blessed him.
• 18:13 Some of these kings (of Judah) were good men who ruled justly and worshiped God.
• 19:16 They (the prophets) all told the people to stop worshiping idols and to start showing justice and mercy to others.
• 50:17 Jesus will rule his kingdom with peace and justice, and he will be with his people forever.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0205, H2555, H3477, H4941, H5765, H5766, H5767, H6662, H6663, H6664, H6666, H8003, H8264, H8636, G00910, G00930, G00940, G13420, G13440, G13450, G13460, G13470, G17380

Definition:

The terms “kingdom of God” and “kingdom of heaven” both refer to God’s rule and authority over his people and over all creation.

• The Jews often used the term “heaven” to refer to God, to avoid saying his name directly. (See: metonymy
• In the New Testament book that Matthew wrote, he referred to God’s kingdom as “the kingdom of heaven,” probably because he was writing primarily for a Jewish audience.
• The kingdom of God refers to God ruling people spiritually as well as ruling over the physical world.
• The Old Testament prophets said that God would send the Messiah to rule with righteousness. Jesus, the Son of God, is the Messiah who will rule over God’s kingdom forever.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, “kingdom of God” can be translated as “God’s rule (as king)” or “when God reigns as king” or “God’s rule over everything.”
• Depending on the context, the term “kingdom of heaven” could also be translated as “God’s rule from heaven as king” or “God in heaven reigning” or “heaven’s reign” or “heaven ruling over everything.” If it is not possible to translate this simply and clearly, the phrase “kingdom of God” could be translated instead.
• Some translators may prefer to capitalize “Heaven” to show that it refers to God. Others may include a note in the text, such as “kingdom of heaven (that is, ‘kingdom of God’).”
• A footnote at the bottom of the page of a printed Bible may also be used to explain the meaning of “heaven” in this expression.

(See also: God, heaven, king, kingdom, King of the Jews, reign)

Bible References:

• 2 Thessalonians 1:5
• Acts 8:12-13
• Acts 28:23
• Colossians 4:11
• John 3:3
• Luke 7:28
• Luke 10:9
• Luke 12:31-32
• Matthew 3:2
• Matthew 4:17
• Matthew 5:10
• Romans 14:17

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 24:2 He (John) preached to them, saying, “Repent, for the kingdom of God is near!”
• 28:6 Then Jesus said to his disciples, “It is extremely hard for rich people to enter into the kingdom of God! Yes, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.”
• 29:2 Jesus said, “The kingdom of God is like a king who wanted to settle accounts with his servants.”
• 34:1 Jesus told many other stories about the kingdom of God. For example, he said, “The kingdom of God is like a mustard seed that someone planted in his field.”
• 34:3 Jesus told another story, “The kingdom of God is like yeast that a woman mixes into some bread dough until it spreads throughout the dough.”
• 34:4 “The kingdom of God is also like hidden treasure that someone hid in a field… Another man found the treasure and then buried it again.”
• 34:5 “The kingdom of God is also like a perfect pearl of great value.”
• 42:9 He proved to his disciples in many ways that he was alive, and he taught them about the kingdom of God.
• 49:5 Jesus said that the kingdom of God is more valuable than anything else in the world.
• 50:2 When Jesus was living on earth he said, “My disciples will preach the good news about the kingdom of God to people everywhere in the world, and then the end will come.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: G09320, G23160, G37720

Definition:

The term “lamb” refers to a young sheep. Sheep are four-legged animals with thick, woolly hair, used for sacrifices to God. Jesus is called the “Lamb of God” because he was sacrificed to pay for people’s sins.

• These animals are easily led astray and need protecting. God compares human beings to sheep.
• God instructed his people to sacrifice physically perfect sheep and lambs to him.
• Jesus is called the “Lamb of God” who was sacrificed to pay for people’s sins. He was a perfect, unblemished sacrifice because he was completely without sin.

Translation Suggestions:

• If sheep are known in the language area, the name for their young should be used to translate the terms “lamb” and “Lamb of God.”
• “Lamb of God” could be translated as “God’s (sacrificial) Lamb,” or “Lamb sacrificed to God” or “(sacrificial) Lamb from God.”
• If sheep are not known, this term could be translated as “a young sheep” with a footnote that describes what sheep are like. The note could also compare sheep and lambs to an animal from that area that lives in herds, that is timid and defenseless, and that often wanders away.
• Also consider how this term is translated in a Bible translation of a nearby local or national language.

(See: How to Translate Unknowns

(See also: sheep, shepherd)

Bible References:

• 2 Samuel 12:3
• Ezra 8:35-36
• Isaiah 66:3
• Jeremiah 11:19
• John 1:29
• John 1:36
• Leviticus 14:21-23
• Leviticus 17:1-4
• Luke 10:3
• Revelation 15:3-4

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 5:7 As Abraham and Isaac walked to the place of the sacrifice Isaac asked, “Father, we have wood for the sacrifice, but where is the lamb?”
• 11:2 God provided a way to save the firstborn son of anyone who believed in him. Each family had to choose a perfect lamb or goat and kill it.
• 24:6 The next day, Jesus came to be baptized by John. When John saw him, he said, “Look! There is the Lamb of God who will take away the sin of the world.”
• 45:8 He read, “They led him like a lamb to be killed, and as a lamb is silent, he did not say a word.”
• 48:8 When God told Abraham to offer his son, Isaac, as a sacrifice, God provided a lamb for the sacrifice instead of his son, Isaac. We all deserve to die for our sins! But God provided Jesus, the Lamb of God, as a sacrifice to die in our place.
• 48:9 When God sent the last plague on Egypt, he told each Israelite family to kill a perfect lamb and spread its blood around the tops and sides of their door frames.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H7716, G07210, G23160

Definition:

The terms “lament” and “lamentation” refer to a strong expression of mourning, sorrow, or grief.

• Sometimes this includes deep regret for sin, or compassion for people who have experienced disaster.
• A lamentation could include moaning, weeping, or wailing.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term to “lament” could be translated as to “deeply mourn” or to “wail in grief” or to “be sorrowful.”
• A “lamentation” (or a “lament”) could be translated as “loud wailing and weeping” or “deep sorrow” or “sorrowful sobbing” or “mournful moaning.”

Bible References:

• Amos 8:9-10
• Ezekiel 32:1-2
• Jeremiah 22:18
• Job 27:15-17
• Lamentations 2:5
• Lamentations 2:8
• Micah 2:4
• Psalm 102:1-2
• Zechariah 11:2

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0056, H0421, H0578, H0592, H1058, H4553, H5091, H5092, H5594, H6088, H6969, H7015, H8567, G23540, G23550, G28700, G28750

Definition:

The term “the last days” refers generally to the time which begins with the first coming of Jesus and ends with his second coming and the final day of judgement. The Bible also calls the final day of judgement “the last day.” The phrase “the latter days” is sometimes used in the Bible with the same meaning as the phrase “the last days” but other times it can refer only to a time that is after the time in which the speaker is speaking but before the second coming of Jesus. The term “the last day” refers to the day of final judgement.

• This time period of “the last days” will have an unknown duration.
• "The last day” is a time of judgment upon those who have turned away from God.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “the last days” can also be translated as “the final days” or “the end times.”
• The term “the last day” can also be translated as “the final day.”
• In some contexts, this could be translated as “end of the world” or “when this world ends.”

(See also: day of the Lord, judge, turn, world)

Bible References:

• 2 Peter 3:3-4
• Daniel 10:14-15
• Hebrews 1:2
• Isaiah 2:2
• James 5:3
• Jeremiah 23:19-20
• John 11:24-26
• Micah 4:1

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0319, H3117, G20780, G22500

Definition:

Most simply, the term “law” refers to a rule or instruction that should be followed. In the Bible, the term “law” is often used generally to refer to anything and everything God wants his people to obey and do. The specific term “law of Moses” refers to the commandments and instructions that God gave Moses for the Israelites to obey.

• Depending on the context, the “law” can refer to:

  • the Ten Commandments that God wrote on stone tablets for the Israelites
  • all the laws given to Moses
  • the first five books of the Old Testament
  • the entire Old Testament (also referred to as “scriptures” in the New Testament).
  • all of God’s instructions and will

• The phrase “the Law and the Prophets” is used in the New Testament to refer to the Hebrew scriptures (or “Old Testament”)

Translation Suggestions:

• These terms could be translated using the plural, “laws,” since they refer to many instructions.
• The term “law of Moses” could be translated as “the laws that God told Moses to give to the Israelites.”
• Depending on the context, “the law of Moses” could also be translated as “the law that God told to Moses” or “God’s laws that Moses wrote down” or “the laws that God told Moses to give to the Israelites.”
• Ways to translate “the law” or “law of God” or “God’s laws” could include “laws from God” or “God’s commands” or “laws that God gave” or “everything that God commands” or “all of God’s instructions.”
• The phrase “law of Yahweh” could also be translated as “Yahweh’s laws” or “laws that Yahweh said to obey” or “laws from Yahweh” or “things Yahweh commanded.”

(See also: instruct, Moses, Ten Commandments, lawful, Yahweh)

Bible References:

• Acts 15:6
• Daniel 9:13
• Exodus 28:42-43
• Ezra 7:25-26
• Galatians 2:15
• Luke 24:44
• Matthew 5:18
• Nehemiah 10:29
• Romans 3:20

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 13:7 God also gave many other laws and rules to follow. If the people obeyed these laws, God promised that he would bless and protect them. If they disobeyed them, God would punish them.
• 13:9 Anyone who disobeyed God’s law could bring an animal to the altar in front of the Tent of Meeting as a sacrifice to God.
• 15:13 Then Joshua reminded the people of their obligation to obey the covenant that God had made with the Israelites at Sinai. The people promised to remain faithful to God and follow his laws.
• 16:1 After Joshua died, the Israelites disobeyed God and did not drive out the rest of the Canaanites or obey God’s laws.
• 21:5 In the New Covenant, God would write his law on the people’s hearts, the people would know God personally, they would be his people, and God would forgive their sins.
• 27:1 Jesus answered, “What is written in God’s law?”
• 28:1 Jesus said to him, “Why do you call me ‘good?’ There is only one who is good, and that is God. But if you want to have eternal life, obey God’s laws.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0430, H1881, H1882, H2706, H2710, H3068, H4687, H4872, H4941, H8451, G23160, G35510, G35650

Definition:

In the Bible, the term “lord” generally refers to someone who has ownership or authority over other people. In the Bible, however, the term is used to address many different kinds of people, including God.

• This word is sometimes translated as “master” when addressing Jesus or when referring to someone who owns slaves.
• Some English versions translate this as “sir” in contexts where someone is politely addressing someone of higher status.

When “Lord” is capitalized, it is a title that refers to God. (Note, however, that when it is used as a form of addressing someone or it occurs at the beginning of a sentence it may be capitalized and have the meaning of “sir” or “master.”)

• In the Old Testament, this term is also used in expressions such as “Lord God Almighty” or “Lord Yahweh” or “Yahweh our Lord.”

• In the New Testament, the apostles used this term in expressions such as “Lord Jesus” and “Lord Jesus Christ,” which communicate that Jesus is God.

• The term “Lord” in the New Testament is also used alone as a direct reference to God, especially in quotations from the Old Testament. For example, the Old Testament text has “Blessed is he who comes in the name of Yahweh” and the New Testament text has “Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.”

• In the ULT and UST, the title “Lord” is only used to translate the actual Hebrew and Greek words that mean “Lord.” It is never used as a translation of God’s name (Yahweh), as is done in many translations.

• Some languages translate “Lord” as “Master” or “Ruler” or some other term that communicates ownership or supreme rule.

• In the appropriate contexts, many translations capitalize the first letter of this term to make it clear to the reader that this is a title referring to God.

• For places in the New Testament where there is a quote from the Old Testament, the term “Lord God” could be used to make it clear that this is a reference to God.

Translation Suggestions:

• This term can be translated with the equivalent of “master” when it refers to a person who owns slaves. It can also be used by a servant to address the person he works for.
• When it refers to Jesus, if the context shows that the speaker sees him as a religious teacher, it can be translated with a respectful address for a religious teacher, such as “master.”
• If the person addressing Jesus does not know him, “lord” could be translated with a respectful form of address such as “sir.” This translation would also be used for other contexts in which a polite form of address to a man is called for.
• When referring to God the Father or to Jesus, this term is considered a title, written as “Lord” (capitalized) in English.

(See also: God, Jesus, ruler, Yahweh)

Bible References:

• Genesis 39:2
• Joshua 3:9-11
• Psalms 86:15-17
• Jeremiah 27:4
• Lamentations 2:2
• Ezekiel 18:29
• Daniel 9:9
• Daniel 9:17-19
• Malachi 3:1
• Matthew 7:21-23
• Luke 1:30-33
• Luke 16:13
• Romans 6:23
• Ephesians 6:9
• Philippians 2:9-11
• Colossians 3:23
• Hebrews 12:14
• James 2:1
• 1 Peter 1:3
• Jude 1:5
• Revelation 15:4

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 25:5 But Jesus replied to Satan by quoting from the Scriptures. He said, “In God’s word, he commands his people, ‘Do not test the Lord your God.’”
• 25:7 Jesus replied, “Get away from me, Satan! In God’s word he commands his people, ‘Worship only the Lord your God and only serve him.’”
• 26:3 This is the year of the Lord’s favor.
• 27:2 The law expert replied that God’s law says, “Love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul, strength, and mind.”
• 31:5 Then Peter said to Jesus, “Master, if it is you, command me to come to you on the water”
• 43:9 “But know for certain that God has caused Jesus to become both Lord and Messiah!”
• 47:3 By means of this demon she predicted the future for people, she made a lot of money for her masters as a fortuneteller.
• 47:11 Paul answered, “Believe in Jesus, the Master, and you and your family will be saved.”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0113, H0136, H1167, H1376, H4756, H7980, H8323, G02030, G06340, G09620, G12030, G29620

Definition:

To love another person is to care for that person and do things that will benefit him. There are different meanings for “love” some languages may express using different words:

1. The kind of love that comes from God is focused on the good of others even when it doesn’t benefit oneself. This kind of love cares for others, no matter what they do. God himself is love and is the source of true love.

   • Jesus showed this kind of love by sacrificing his life in order to rescue us from sin and death. He also taught his followers to love others sacrificially.
   • When people love others with this kind of love, they act in ways that show they are thinking of what will cause the others to thrive. This kind of love especially includes forgiving others.
   • In the ULT, the word “love” refers to this kind of sacrificial love, unless a Translation Note indicates a different meaning.

2. Another word in the New Testament refers to brotherly love, or love for a friend or family member.

   • This term refers to natural human love between friends or relatives.
   • The term can also be used in such contexts as, “They love to sit in the most important seats at a banquet.” This means that they “like very much” or “greatly desire” to do that.

3. The word “love” can also refer to romantic love between a man and a woman.

Translation Suggestions:

• Unless indicated otherwise in a Translation Note, the word “love” in the ULT refers to the kind of sacrificial love that comes from God.
• Some languages may have a special word for the kind of unselfish, sacrificial love that God has. Ways to translate this might include, “devoted, faithful caring” or “care for unselfishly” or “love from God.” Make sure that the word used to translate God’s love can include giving up one’s own interests to benefit others and loving others no matter what they do.
• Sometimes the English word “love” describes the deep caring that people have for friends and family members. Some languages might translate this with a word or phrase that means “like very much” or “care for” or “have strong affection for.”
• In contexts where the word “love” is used to express a strong preference for something, this could be translated by “strongly prefer” or “like very much” or “greatly desire.”
• Some languages may also have a separate word that refers to romantic or sexual love between a husband and wife.
• Many languages must express “love” as an action. So for example, they might translate “love is patient, love is kind” as, “when a person loves someone, he is patient with him and kind to him.”

(See also: covenant, death, sacrifice, save, sin)

Bible References:

• 1 Corinthians 13:7
• 1 John 3:2
• 1 Thessalonians 4:10
• Galatians 5:23
• Genesis 29:18
• Isaiah 56:6
• Jeremiah 2:2
• John 3:16
• Matthew 10:37
• Nehemiah 9:32-34
• Philippians 1:9
• Song of Songs 1:2

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 27:2 The law expert replied that God’s law says, “Love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul, strength, and mind. And love your neighbor as yourself.”
• 33:8 “The thorny ground is a person who hears God’s word, but, as time passes, the cares, riches, and pleasures of life choke out his love for God.”
• 36:5 As Peter was talking, a bright cloud came down on top of them and a voice from the cloud said, “This is my Son whom I love.”
• 39:10 “Everyone who loves the truth listens to me.”
• 47:1 She (Lydia) loved and worshiped God.
• 48:1 When God created the world, everything was perfect. There was no sin. Adam and Eve loved each other, and they loved God.
• 49:3 He (Jesus) taught that you need to love other people the same way you love yourself.
• 49:4 He (Jesus) also taught that you need to love God more than you love anything else, including your wealth.
• 49:7 Jesus taught that God loves sinners very much.
• 49:9 But God loved everyone in the world so much that he gave his only Son so that whoever believes in Jesus will not be punished for his sins, but will live with God forever.
• 49:13 God loves you and wants you to believe in Jesus so he can have a close relationship with you.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0157, H0158, H0159, H0160, H2245, H2617, H2836, H3039, H4261, H5689, H5690, H5691, H7355, H7356, H7453, H7474, G00250, G00260, G53600, G53610, G53620, G53630, G53650, G53670, G53680, G53690, G53770, G53810, G53820, G53830, G53880

Definition:

The term “majesty” or “majestic” refers to greatness and splendor, often in relation to the qualities of a king.

• In the Bible, “majesty” frequently refers to the greatness of God, who is the supreme King over the universe.
• “Your Majesty” is a way of addressing a king.

Translation Suggestions:

• This term could be translated as “kingly greatness” or “royal splendor.”
• “Your Majesty” could be translated as something like “your Highness” or “your Excellency” or using a natural way of addressing a ruler in the target language.

(See also: king)

Bible References:

• 2 Peter 1:16-18
• Daniel 4:36
• Isaiah 2:10
• Jude 1:25
• Micah 5:4

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1347, H1348, H1420, H1923, H1926, H1935, H7238, G31680, G31720

Definition:

Manna was a white, grain-like food that God provided for the Israelites to eat during the 40 years of living in the wilderness after they left Egypt.

• Manna looked like white flakes which appeared each morning on the ground under the dew. It tasted sweet, like honey.
• The Israelites gathered the manna flakes every day except on the Sabbath.
• On the day before the Sabbath, God told the Israelites to gather twice the amount of manna so they wouldn’t have to gather it on their day of rest.
• The word “manna” means “what is it?”
• In the Bible, manna is also referred to as “bread from heaven” and “grain from heaven.”

Translation Suggestions

• Other ways to translate this term could include “thin white flakes of food” or “food from heaven.”
• Also consider how this term is translated in a Bible translation in a local or national language. (See: How to Translate Unknowns

(See also: bread, desert, grain, heaven, Sabbath)

Bible References:

• Deuteronomy 8:3
• Exodus 16:27
• Hebrews 9:3-5
• John 6:30-31
• Joshua 5:12

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H4478, G31310

Definition:

The terms “mercy” and “merciful” refer to helping people who are in need, especially when they are in a lowly or humbled condition.

• The term “mercy” can also include the meaning of not punishing people for something they have done wrong.
• A powerful person such as a king is described as “merciful” when he treats people kindly instead of harming them.
• Being merciful also means to forgive someone who has done something wrong against us.
• We show mercy when we help people who are in great need.
• God is merciful to us, and he wants us to be merciful to others.

Translation Suggestions:

• Depending on the context, “mercy” could be translated as “kindness” or “compassion” or “pity.”
• The term “merciful” could be translated as “showing pity” or “being kind to” or “forgiving.”
• To “show mercy to” or “have mercy on” could be translated as “treat kindly” or “be compassionate toward.”

(See also: compassion, forgive)

Bible References:

• 1 Peter 1:3-5
• 1 Timothy 1:13
• Daniel 9:17
• Exodus 34:6
• Genesis 19:16
• Hebrews 10:28-29
• James 2:13
• Luke 6:35-36
• Matthew 9:27
• Philippians 2:25-27
• Psalms 41:4-6
• Romans 12:1

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 19:16 They (the prophets) all told the people to stop worshiping idols and to start showing justice and mercy to others.
• 19:17 He (Jeremiah) sank down into the mud that was in the bottom of the well, but then the king had mercy on him and ordered his servants to pull Jeremiah out of the well before he died.
• 20:12 The Persian Empire was strong but merciful to the people it conquered.
• 27:11 Then Jesus asked the law expert, “What do you think? Which one of the three men was a neighbor to the man who was robbed and beaten?” He replied, “The one who was merciful to him.”
• 32:11 But Jesus said to him, “No, I want you to go home and tell your friends and family about everything that God has done for you and how he has had mercy on you.”
• 34:9 “But the tax collector stood far away from the religious ruler, did not even look up to heaven. Instead, he pounded on his chest and prayed, ‘God, please be merciful to me because I am a sinner.’”

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H2551, H2603, H2604, H2616, H2617, H2623, H3722, H3727, H4627, H4819, H5503, H5504, H5505, H5506, H6014, H7349, H7355, H7356, H7359, G16530, G16550, G16560, G24330, G24360, G36280, G36290, G37410, G46980

Definition:

A “miracle” is something amazing that is not possible unless God causes it to happen.

• Examples of miracles that Jesus did include calming a storm and healing a blind man.
• Miracles are sometimes called “wonders” because they cause people to be filled with wonder or amazement.
• The term “wonder” can also refer more generally to amazing displays of God’s power, such as when he created the heavens and the earth.
• Miracles can also be called “signs” because they are used as indicators or evidence that God is the all-powerful one who has complete authority over the universe.
• Some miracles were God’s acts of redemption, such as when he rescued the Israelites from being slaves in Egypt and when he protected Daniel from being hurt by lions.
• Other wonders were God’s acts of judgment, such as when he sent a worldwide flood in Noah’s time and when he brought terrible plagues on the land of Egypt during the time of Moses.
• Many of God’s miracles were the physical healings of sick people or bringing dead people back to life.
• God’s power was shown in Jesus when he healed people, calmed storms, walked on water, and raised people from the dead. These were all miracles.
• God also enabled the prophets and the apostles to perform miracles of healing and other things that were only possible through God’s power.

Translation Suggestions:

• Possible translations of “miracles” or “wonders” could include “impossible things that God does” or “powerful works of God” or “amazing acts of God.”
• The frequent expression “signs and wonders” could be translated as “proofs and miracles” or “miraculous works that prove God’s power” or “amazing miracles that show how great God is.”
• Note that this meaning of a miraculous sign is different from a sign that gives proof or evidence for something. The two can be related.

(See also: power, prophet, apostle, sign)

Bible References:

• 2 Thessalonians 2:8-10
• Acts 4:17
• Acts 4:22
• Daniel 4:1-3
• Deuteronomy 13:1
• Exodus 3:19-22
• John 2:11
• Matthew 13:58

Examples from the Bible stories:

• 16:8 Gideon asked God for two signs so he could be sure that God would use him to save Israel.
• 19:14 God did many miracles through Elisha.
• 37:10 Many of the Jews believed in Jesus because of this miracle.
• 43:6 “Men of Israel, Jesus was a man who did many mighty signs and wonders by the power of God, as you have seen and already know.”
• 49:2 Jesus did many miracles that prove he is God. He walked on water, calmed storms, healed many sick people, drove out demons, raised the dead to life, and turned five loaves of bread and two small fish into enough food for over 5,000 people.

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H0226, H0852, H2368, H2858, H4150, H4159, H4864, H5251, H5824, H5953, H6381, H6382, H6383, H6395, H6725, H7560, H7583, H8047, H8074, H8539, H8540, G08800, G12130, G12290, G14110, G15690, G17180, G17700, G18390, G22850, G22960, G22970, G31670, G39020, G45910, G45920, G50590

Definition:

Myrrh is an oil or spice that is made from the resin of a myrrh tree that grows in Africa and Asia. It is related to frankincense.

• Myrrh was also used to make incense, perfume, and medicine, and to prepare dead bodies for burial.
• Myrrh was one of the gifts that the learned men gave to Jesus when he was born.
• Jesus was offered wine mixed with myrrh in order to ease the pain when he was crucified.

(See also: frankincense, learned men)

Bible References:

• Exodus 30:22-25
• Genesis 37:25-26
• John 11:1-2
• Mark 15:23
• Matthew 2:11-12

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H3910, H4753, G34640, G46660, G46690

Definition:

The term “parable” usually refers to a short story or object lesson that is used to explain or teach a moral truth.

• Jesus used parables to teach his disciples. Although he also told parables to the crowds of people, he did not always explain the parable.
• A parable could be used to reveal truth to his disciples while hiding that truth from people like the Pharisees who did not believe in Jesus.
• The prophet Nathan told David a parable to show the king his terrible sin.
• The story of the Good Samaritan is an example of a parable that is a story. Jesus’ comparison of old and new wineskins is an example of a parable that was an object lesson to help the disciples understand Jesus’ teachings.

(See also: Samaria)

Bible References:

• Luke 5:36
• Luke 6:39
• Luke 8:4
• Luke 8:9-10
• Mark 4:1
• Matthew 13:3
• Matthew 13:10
• Matthew 13:13

Word Data:

• Strong’s: H1819, H4912, G38500, G39420

Definition:

The concept of the “people of God” in the Bible refers to people with whom God has established a covenant relationship.

• In the Old Testament, the phrase “people of God” refers to the nation of Israel. The nation of Israel was chosen by God and set apart from the other nations of the world in order to serve and obey him.
• In the New Testament, the phrase “people of God” refers to the “Church,” meaning everyone who believes in Jesus. This includes both Jews and Gentiles. In the New Testament, sometimes this group of people is called the “sons of God” or “children of God.”
• When God uses the phrase “my people,” he is referring to people who have a covenant relationship with him. God’s people are chosen by him, and he wants them to live in a way that is pleasing to him.

Translation Suggestions:

• The term “people of God” could be translated as “God’s people” or “the people who worship God” or “people who serve God” or “people who belong to God.”
• When God says “my people” other ways to translate it could include “the people I have chosen” or “the people who worship me” or “the people who belong to me.”
• Similarly, “your people” could be translated as “the people who belong to you” or “the people you chose to belong to you.”
• Also “his people” could be translated as “the people who belong to him” or “the people God chose to belong to himself.”

(See also: Israel, people group)

Bible References:

• 1 Chronicles 11:2
• Acts 7:34
• Acts 7:51-53
• Acts 10:36-38
• Daniel 9:24-25
• Isaiah 2:5-6
• Jeremiah 6:20-22
• Joel 3:16-17
• Micah 6:3-5
• Revelation 13:7-8